[yocto] Building Out-of-Tree Modules on the BBB Target

Zoran Stojsavljevic zoran.stojsavljevic at gmail.com
Fri May 24 04:24:06 PDT 2019


As I said, I am a man of experimental try-outs. And here is the try!

Now, after setting sources, I tried to compile the example (from my Git):
https://github.com/ZoranStojsavljevic/bbb-yocto/tree/master/Issues/LKM

The results are the following (all on the target):
root at beaglebone:~# pwd
/home/root
root at beaglebone:~# ls -al
drwx------    2 root     root             0 May 24 13:11 .
drwxr-xr-x    3 root     root             0 May 23 13:03 ..
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root           159 May 24 12:54 Makefile
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root          1228 May 24 12:54 p15_test.c
root at beaglebone:~# make all
make -C /lib/modules/5.0.15-jumpnow/build M=/home/root modules
make[1]: Entering directory '/lib/modules/5.0.15-jumpnow/build'
  CC [M]  /home/root/p15_test.o
In file included from ./include/asm-generic/int-ll64.h:11,
                 from ./arch/arm/include/uapi/asm/types.h:5,
                 from ./include/uapi/linux/types.h:5,
                 from ./include/linux/types.h:6,
                 from ./include/linux/list.h:5,
                 from ./include/linux/module.h:9,
                 from /home/root/p15_test.c:5:
*./include/uapi/asm-generic/int-ll64.h:12:10: fatal error:
asm/bitsperlong.h: No such file or directory*
 #include <asm/bitsperlong.h>
          ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
compilation terminated.



*make[2]: *** [scripts/Makefile.build:283: /home/root/p15_test.o] Error
1make[1]: *** [Makefile:1577: _module_/home/root] Error 2make[1]: Leaving
directory '/lib/modules/5.0.15-jumpnow/build'make: *** [Makefile:4: all]
Error 2*

I see that you have changed the kernel from 5.0.7-jumpnow to 5.0.15-jumpnow
. Did you?

This example works on the same target out of Debian (flashed in eMMC),
without the problems.

Something is wrong with the YOCTO source kernel tree.

You are free to try example on YOCTO and Embedded Debian yourselves!

Zoran
_______

On Fri, May 24, 2019 at 6:37 AM Khem Raj <raj.khem at gmail.com> wrote:

>
>
> On 5/23/19 9:14 PM, Zoran Stojsavljevic wrote:
> >  > I think this is a fair suggestion. Having prebuilt kernel available
> >  > that contains the configuration and header files used in the build is
> >  > all that is required for external modules to build in addition to
> >  > toolchain, so maybe its worth a try to create such a package and then
> >  > have kernel-source separated out which can be installed on top if one
> >  > needs
> >
> > I am man of experimental try-outs. So, in order to see how big kernel is,
> > I did the following:
> > Fedora 29 (which I am using as a host) with kernel-headers (NOT full
> > kernel source tree):
> > [vuser at fedora29-ssd 5.0.16-200.fc29.x86_64]$ pwd
> > /usr/src/kernels/5.0.16-200.fc29.x86_64
> > [vuser at fedora29-ssd 5.0.16-200.fc29.x86_64]$ du --summarize
> > /*102124    . <<======= ~95MB*/
> >
> > Kernel.org kernel 5.0.6, the full kernel source tree size:
> > [vuser at fedora29-ssd linux-5.0.6]$ pwd
> > /home/vuser/projects/kernel.org/linux-5.0.6 <
> http://kernel.org/linux-5.0.6>
> > [vuser at fedora29-ssd linux-5.0.6]$ du --summarize
> > /*960592    . <<======= ~900MB*/
> >
> > These are ballpark numbers. You can draw conclusions for yourselves!
> >
> > It is ~ 7x to 9x reduction in size. Having BBB's DDR2 of size 512MB,
> > and initramfs for testing purposes, in speaks for itself.
> >
>
> yes thats what I was expecting too. Anything smaller helps.
>
>
> > (I am aware that YOCTO kernels are less/smaller in size, but how
> smaller?)
> >
>
> Not in source. The binaries may be
>
> > Zoran
> > _______
> >
> >
> > On Fri, May 24, 2019 at 3:00 AM Khem Raj <raj.khem at gmail.com
> > <mailto:raj.khem at gmail.com>> wrote:
> >
> >
> >
> >     On 5/23/19 3:32 AM, Zoran Stojsavljevic wrote:
> >      > After some tests (and I had other problems to take care of, as
> well),
> >      > here is the following:
> >      >
> >      >> These have all been discussed off an on over the past 5 years.
> >      >> I can't get at bugzilla right now, but all the details are
> >     logged in cases.
> >      >> A survey of all the distros, their kernel package, etc, were all
> >     looked at.
> >      >> We had to balance the traditional packaging with some new
> concepts
> >      >> and landed with what we have now.
> >      >
> >      > I tried several tests. This is my final conclusion (two cases):
> >      >
> >
> https://github.com/ZoranStojsavljevic/bbb-yocto/blob/master/Issues/kernel-development.txt
> >      >
> >      > The kernel issue is described here: there is need to have the
> YOCTO
> >      > minimum configuration with the kernel setup:
> >      > [1] The entire kernel source code in:
> >      > /usr/src/kernel/`uname-r`/<kernel source code>
> >      > [2] The header files in: /usr/src/kernel/`uname-r`/<header file
> >      > directory structures>
> >      >
> >      > Point [1] is achieved with the following local.config file:
> >      >
> >
> https://github.com/ZoranStojsavljevic/bbb-yocto/blob/master/Issues/local-devsrc.conf
> >      >
> >      > Namely, with the following snippets in the local.conf:
> >      > TOOLCHAIN_TARGET_TASK_append = " packagegroup-core-tools-profile
> >      > packagegroup-core-buildessential kernel-devsrc"
> >      > KERNEL_DEV_TOOLS = "packagegroup-core-tools-profile
> >      > packagegroup-core-buildessential kernel-devsrc"
> >      > KERNEL_DEV_MODULE = "kernel-modules"
> >      > CORE_IMAGE_EXTRA_INSTALL += "${KERNEL_DEV_MODULE} \
> >      > ${KERNEL_DEV_TOOLS} \
> >      > systemtap \
> >      > "
> >      >
> >      > Problem with this approach is that such a kernel makes the rootfs
> too
> >      > big and impractical:
> >      > -rw-r--r--. 2 user vboxusers 101499952 May 17 14:32
> >      > core-image-minimal-beaglebone.rootfs.tar.xz
> >      >
> >      > The main issue is point [2]: how to achieve it?
> >      > The suggestion is to introduce the new package in YOCTO kernel,
> >      > called: kernel-headers
> >      > The OBVIOUS benefit is that it will serve to the purpose of
> building
> >      > modules out of the tree on the target with
> >      > minimal mpact to rootfs!
> >
> >     I think this is a fair suggestion. Having prebuilt kernel available
> >     that contains the configuration and header files used in the build is
> >     all that is required for external modules to build in addition to
> >     toolchain, so maybe its worth a try to create such a package and then
> >     have kernel-source separated out which can be installed on top if one
> >     needs
> >
> >      >
> >      > Thank you,
> >      > Zoran Stojsavljevic
> >      > _______
> >      >
> >      > On Thu, May 16, 2019 at 12:04 AM Bruce Ashfield
> >      > <bruce.ashfield at gmail.com <mailto:bruce.ashfield at gmail.com>>
> wrote:
> >      >>
> >      >>
> >      >>
> >      >> On Wed, May 15, 2019 at 4:09 PM Zoran Stojsavljevic
> >     <zoran.stojsavljevic at gmail.com
> >     <mailto:zoran.stojsavljevic at gmail.com>> wrote:
> >      >>>
> >      >>>> The core-image-kernel-dev image is how I do all my on target
> >      >>>> testing when I introduce a new reference kernel for a release.
> >      >>>
> >      >>> Maybe you are correct. Maybe I should use/add in my local.conf
> >     the following:
> >      >>>
> >      >>> KERNEL_DEV_TOOLS ?= "packagegroup-core-tools-profile
> >      >>> packagegroup-core-buildessential kernel-devsrc"
> >      >>> KERNEL_DEV_MODULE ?= "kernel-modules"
> >      >>> CORE_IMAGE_EXTRA_INSTALL += "${KERNEL_DEV_MODULE} \
> >      >>>                               ${KERNEL_DEV_TOOLS} \
> >      >>>                               systemtap \
> >      >>>                              "
> >      >>> I need to try these... Maybe this addendum will solve the $1
> >     mio USD problem?!
> >      >>>
> >      >>>> And IIRC the autobuilders are using a sato based image (Richard
> >      >>>> could confirm more easily that I could what image type the
> >      >>>> autobuilders are using for hello-world on target module tests).
> >      >>>
> >      >>> I am just advertising something more simple. To have mandatory
> >      >>> /lib/modules/`uname -r` directory. And introduce few more
> >     packages, as
> >      >>> Fedora distro, for example, has: kernel-headers (assuming YOCTO
> >      >>> rootfs, the following will be installed: /usr/src/kernel/`uname
> >      >>> -r`/<header file directory structures>. This also makes
> addition of
> >      >>> /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build file (which is soft link to
> >      >>> usr/src/kernel/`uname -r`).
> >      >>
> >      >>
> >      >> These have all been discussed off an on over the past 5 years. I
> >     can't get at bugzilla right now, but all the details are logged in
> >     cases. A survey of all the distros, their kernel package, etc, were
> >     all looked at. We had to balance the traditional packaging with some
> >     new concepts and landed with what we have now.
> >      >>
> >      >>
> >      >>>
> >      >>> Or kernel-devel package. Then, the whole current kernel source
> code
> >      >>> will be introduced, and also support for it.
> >      >>
> >      >>
> >      >> There's a case for this one as well, I'll probably have it done
> >     for the fall release. But our devsrc used to pretty much be the full
> >     source it has now been pruned down to something more manageable.
> >     There are definitely some cases for having the full source on the
> >     target again, and it will be a separate package, just not the
> >     minimal one to build out of tree modules, etc.
> >      >>
> >      >>
> >      >>
> >      >>>
> >      >>>
> >      >>> SDK building with such a support is good/cool. But sometimes,
> >     before
> >      >>> introducing SDK, some tests should be done on target. NO need to
> >      >>> optionally include built-in layer hello-world driver example.
> >     Since I
> >      >>> (or you name the person) have own test drivers, which will be
> >     imported
> >      >>> out of tree, externally, to the target test bed!
> >      >>>
> >      >>
> >      >> I never use the SDK myself, so you are not alone in not going to
> >     it first. Hopefully I'll get some new patches out in the coming
> >     month before summer holidays really kick in.
> >      >>
> >      >> Bruce
> >      >>
> >      >>
> >      >>>
> >      >>> Just thinking loud...
> >      >>>
> >      >>> Zoran
> >      >>> _______
> >      >>>
> >      >>> On Wed, May 15, 2019 at 4:25 PM Bruce Ashfield
> >     <bruce.ashfield at gmail.com <mailto:bruce.ashfield at gmail.com>> wrote:
> >      >>>>
> >      >>>>
> >      >>>>
> >      >>>> On Wed, May 15, 2019 at 3:44 AM Zoran Stojsavljevic
> >     <zoran.stojsavljevic at gmail.com
> >     <mailto:zoran.stojsavljevic at gmail.com>> wrote:
> >      >>>>>
> >      >>>>>> That's correct. That command only adds the kernel source and
> >      >>>>>> build infrastructure to the SDK, not to your target image.
> >     You'd still
> >      >>>>>> need to arrange to have the kernel-devsrc package installed
> >     on the
> >      >>>>>> target image if you want it on the board's rootfs. How you
> >     arrange
> >      >>>>>> to have the package installed to the image varies with the
> image
> >      >>>>>> (since they all don't have the same image install variables,
> >     etc).
> >      >>>>>
> >      >>>>> And here is a $1,000,000 USD question? How to do it on Poky
> (as
> >      >>>>> example of what you have stated in RED)? ;-)
> >      >>>>>
> >      >>>>> In other words: how to arrange it on Poky (as a Referent
> >     example)?
> >      >>>>
> >      >>>>
> >      >>>> The core-image-kernel-dev image is how I do all my on target
> >     testing when I introduce a new reference kernel for a release. And
> >     IIRC the autobuilders are using a sato based image (Richard could
> >     confirm more easily that I could what image type the autobuilders
> >     are using for hello-world on target module tests).
> >      >>>>
> >      >>>> Bruce
> >      >>>>
> >      >>>>
> >      >>>>>
> >      >>>>>
> >      >>>>> Thank you,
> >      >>>>> Zoran
> >      >>>>> _______
> >      >>>>>
> >      >>>>>
> >      >>>>> On Wed, May 15, 2019 at 7:41 AM Bruce Ashfield
> >     <bruce.ashfield at gmail.com <mailto:bruce.ashfield at gmail.com>> wrote:
> >      >>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>
> >      >>>>>> On Tue, May 14, 2019 at 1:30 PM Zoran Stojsavljevic
> >     <zoran.stojsavljevic at gmail.com
> >     <mailto:zoran.stojsavljevic at gmail.com>> wrote:
> >      >>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>> Hello Chris, Bruce,
> >      >>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>> I have some additional data to share with you both, since I
> >     have tried
> >      >>>>>>> something. And here is my take on the things!
> >      >>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>>> 1. Build using a bb recipe.
> >      >>>>>>>> Take a look at meta-skeleton/recipes-kernel/hello-mod for
> >     an example.
> >      >>>>>>>> You just need to add meta-skeleton to your bblayers.conf
> >     and then
> >      >>>>>>>>   bitbake hello-mod
> >      >>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>> I looked into this example, and, yes, it is classic kernel
> >     module
> >      >>>>>>> definition out of the tree. With some outdated data, all
> >     cool, the
> >      >>>>>>> YOCTO designer should take care himself to fix these data,
> >     if using
> >      >>>>>>> this stuff.
> >      >>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>> But this is NOT mandatory, since I can add out of the tree
> >     module NOT
> >      >>>>>>> actually using built-in module. I just use
> >     .../tmp/deploy/images/bbb/*
> >      >>>>>>> generated stuff, since I have automated scripts which are
> >     bringing all
> >      >>>>>>> these on my BBB target. Then I tftp my source code module
> >     to the
> >      >>>>>>> target.
> >      >>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>>> 2. Build from the SDK:
> >      >>>>>>>> First, add the kernel source to the SDK by adding this to
> >     conf/local.conf
> >      >>>>>>>>   TOOLCHAIN_TARGET_TASK_append = " kernel-devsrc"
> >      >>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>> YES, this is THE command which should generate
> >      >>>>>>> /usr/src/kernel(s)/`uname -r` or similar... But adding it to
> >      >>>>>>> local.conf and after deleting kernel, then regenerating
> >     bitbake -k
> >      >>>>>>> core-image-minimal does not bring this path into the rootfs
> >     image!?
> >      >>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>
> >      >>>>>> That's correct. That command only adds the kernel source and
> >     build infrastructure to the SDK, not to your target image. You'd
> >     still need to arrange to have the kernel-devsrc package installed on
> >     the target image if you want it on the board's rootfs. How you
> >     arrange to have the package installed to the image varies with the
> >     image (since they all don't have the same image install variables,
> etc).
> >      >>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>> I did it actually using meta-bbb, and using poky referent
> >     distro as
> >      >>>>>>> two additional layers to the more complex bbb image!
> >      >>>>>>> https://github.com/jumpnow/meta-bbb.git
> >      >>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>> The (KAS - you can figure out out of it local.conf) script
> >     I am using
> >      >>>>>>> to build such a BBB image is here:
> >      >>>>>>>
> >
> https://github.com/ZoranStojsavljevic/bbb-yocto/blob/master/bbb-releases/bbb-warrior/kas-bbb-warrior.yml
> >      >>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>> I did not try it with BBB reference poky only! Maybe I
> >     should try it
> >      >>>>>>> as only referent poky? What do you think?
> >      >>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>> Does in this case is SDK build really mandatory??? Should
> >     NOT be!
> >      >>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>
> >      >>>>>> You only do the SDK steps if you want to support building
> >     out of tree modules in an SDK install. So it is not mandatory for on
> >     target module builds.
> >      >>>>>>
> >      >>>>>> Bruce
> >      >>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>>> Once the SDK is installed, generate the kernel headers:
> >      >>>>>>>>   sudo -i
> >      >>>>>>>>   .
> >     /opt/poky/2.6.2/environment-setup-cortexa8hf-neon-poky-linux-gnueabi
> >      >>>>>>>>   cd
> >     /opt/poky/2.6.2/sysroots/cortexa8hf-neon-poky-linux-gnueabi
> >      >>>>>>>>   cd /usr/src/kernel
> >      >>>>>>>>   make oldconfig scripts
> >      >>>>>>>>   exit
> >      >>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>> This is in nutshell the same what I did (a bit different)
> >     for Embedded
> >      >>>>>>> Debian. This is already on the target BBB, NOT while
> >     building YOCTO
> >      >>>>>>> BBB image!
> >      >>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>>> Finally, build your module using a Makefile like this
> >      >>>>>>>>   obj-m := hello-mod.o
> >      >>>>>>>>   all:
> >      >>>>>>>>         make -C $(SDKTARGETSYSROOT)/usr/src/kernel
> >     M=$(shell pwd)
> >      >>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>> As said before: bringing my own module into the target BBB
> >     (I have my
> >      >>>>>>> own examples, and I build them on the target with the
> >     almost the same
> >      >>>>>>> Makefiles)
> >      >>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>> Zoran
> >      >>>>>>> _______
> >      >>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>> On Sun, May 12, 2019 at 3:15 PM Chris Simmonds
> >     <chris at 2net.co.uk <mailto:chris at 2net.co.uk>> wrote:
> >      >>>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>>> Hi Zoran,
> >      >>>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>>> There are two ways to do this
> >      >>>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>>> 1. Build using a bb recipe.
> >      >>>>>>>> Take a look at meta-skeleton/recipes-kernel/hello-mod for
> >     an example.
> >      >>>>>>>> You just need to add meta-skeleton to your bblaysers.conf
> >     and then
> >      >>>>>>>>    bitbake hello-mod
> >      >>>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>>> 2. Build from the SDK:
> >      >>>>>>>> First, add the kernel source to the SDK by adding this to
> >     conf/local/conf
> >      >>>>>>>>    TOOLCHAIN_TARGET_TASK_append = " kernel-devsrc"
> >      >>>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>>> Then build the SDK
> >      >>>>>>>>    bitbake -c populate_sdk [your image recipe]
> >      >>>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>>> Once the SDK is installed, generate the kernel headers:
> >      >>>>>>>>    sudo -i
> >      >>>>>>>>    .
> >     /opt/poky/2.6.2/environment-setup-cortexa8hf-neon-poky-linux-gnueabi
> >      >>>>>>>>    cd
> >     /opt/poky/2.6.2/sysroots/cortexa8hf-neon-poky-linux-gnueabi
> >      >>>>>>>>    cd /usr/src/kernel
> >      >>>>>>>>    make oldconfig scripts
> >      >>>>>>>>    exit
> >      >>>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>>> Finally, build your module using a Makefile like this
> >      >>>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>>>    obj-m := hello-mod.o
> >      >>>>>>>>    all:
> >      >>>>>>>>          make -C $(SDKTARGETSYSROOT)/usr/src/kernel
> >     M=$(shell pwd)
> >      >>>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>>> HTH,
> >      >>>>>>>> Chris
> >      >>>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>>> On 12/05/2019 11:53, Zoran Stojsavljevic wrote:
> >      >>>>>>>>> Hello to the YOCTO community,
> >      >>>>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>>>> I am using (to build the target for Beagle Bone Black)
> >     the following script:
> >      >>>>>>>>> https://github.com/ZoranStojsavljevic/bbb-yocto
> >      >>>>>>>>>
> >
> https://github.com/ZoranStojsavljevic/bbb-yocto/blob/master/bbb-yocto.sh
> >      >>>>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>>>> The latest kernel I am using from the following repo:
> >      >>>>>>>>> https://github.com/jumpnow/meta-bbb
> >      >>>>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>>>> Is kernel 5.0.14 .
> >      >>>>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>>>> Here is the snippet of the boot traces:
> >      >>>>>>>>> Starting kernel ...
> >      >>>>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>>>> [    0.000000] Booting Linux on physical CPU 0x0
> >      >>>>>>>>> [    0.000000] Linux version 5.0.14-jumpnow
> >     (oe-user at oe-host) (gcc
> >      >>>>>>>>> version 8.3.0 (GCC)) #1 Fri May 10 13:12:33 UTC 2019
> >      >>>>>>>>> [    0.000000] CPU: ARMv7 Processor [413fc082] revision 2
> >     (ARMv7), cr=10c5387d
> >      >>>>>>>>> [    0.000000] CPU: PIPT / VIPT nonaliasing data cache,
> >     VIPT aliasing
> >      >>>>>>>>> instruction cache
> >      >>>>>>>>> [    0.000000] OF: fdt: Machine model: TI AM335x
> >     BeagleBone Black
> >      >>>>>>>>> [    0.000000] Memory policy: Data cache writeback
> >      >>>>>>>>> [    0.000000] cma: Reserved 16 MiB at 0x9f000000
> >      >>>>>>>>> [    0.000000] CPU: All CPU(s) started in SVC mode.
> >      >>>>>>>>> [    0.000000] AM335X ES2.1 (sgx neon)
> >      >>>>>>>>> [    0.000000] random: get_random_bytes called from
> >      >>>>>>>>> start_kernel+0xa4/0x460 with crng_init=0
> >      >>>>>>>>> [    0.000000] Built 1 zonelists, mobility grouping on.
> >     Total pages: 130048
> >      >>>>>>>>> [    0.000000] Kernel command line: console=ttyO0,115200n8
> >      >>>>>>>>> root=/dev/ram0 ip=dhcp
> >      >>>>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>>>> According to the documentation, the following:
> >      >>>>>>>>> 2.10.1. Building Out-of-Tree Modules on the Target
> >      >>>>>>>>>
> >     https://www.yoctoproject.org/docs/latest/kernel-dev/kernel-dev.html
> >      >>>>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>>>> I tried to find /usr/src/kernels/5.0.14.
> >     <http://5.0.14.>.. Directory, since I see
> >      >>>>>>>>> from the build that kernel-dev and kernel-devsrc are
> >     included:
> >      >>>>>>>>> [user at fedora29-ssd bbb-yocto]$ bitbake -s | grep kernel
> >      >>>>>>>>> core-image-kernel-dev
>  :1.0-r0
> >      >>>>>>>>> kernel-devsrc
>  :1.0-r0
> >      >>>>>>>>> kernel-selftest
>  :1.0-r0
> >      >>>>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>>>> THE PROBLEM: But I could not find ob BBB target
> >     /usr/src/kernels
> >      >>>>>>>>> directory at all!?
> >      >>>>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>>>> Two questions here?
> >      >>>>>>>>> [1] Do you have any advice on this problem (what I am
> >     missing here)?
> >      >>>>>>>>> [2] Alternative to [1]: how I can use cross compiler from
> >      >>>>>>>>> .../build/tmp to build Out-of-Tree Module for the BBB
> >     target on the
> >      >>>>>>>>> host?
> >      >>>>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>>>> Thank you,
> >      >>>>>>>>> Zoran
> >      >>>>>>>>> _______
> >      >>>>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>>> --
> >      >>>>>>>> Chris Simmonds, trainer and consultant at 2net
> >      >>>>>>>> http://www.2net.co.uk
> >      >>>>>>>> Author of "Mastering Embedded Linux Programming"
> >      >>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>
> >      >>>>>>
> >      >>>>>> --
> >      >>>>>> - Thou shalt not follow the NULL pointer, for chaos and
> >     madness await thee at its end
> >      >>>>>> - "Use the force Harry" - Gandalf, Star Trek II
> >      >>>>>>
> >      >>>>
> >      >>>>
> >      >>>> --
> >      >>>> - Thou shalt not follow the NULL pointer, for chaos and
> >     madness await thee at its end
> >      >>>> - "Use the force Harry" - Gandalf, Star Trek II
> >      >>>>
> >      >>
> >      >>
> >      >>
> >      >> --
> >      >> - Thou shalt not follow the NULL pointer, for chaos and madness
> >     await thee at its end
> >      >> - "Use the force Harry" - Gandalf, Star Trek II
> >      >>
> >
>
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