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Yocto Project Software Development Kit (SDK) Developer's Guide

Scott Rifenbark

Scotty's Documentation Services, LLC

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales as published by Creative Commons.

Note

For the latest version of this manual associated with this Yocto Project release, see the Yocto Project Software Development Kit (SDK) Developer's Guide from the Yocto Project website.
Revision History
Revision 2.1April 2016
Released with the Yocto Project 2.1 Release.
Revision 2.2October 2016
Released with the Yocto Project 2.2 Release.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction
1.1. Introduction
1.1.1. The Cross-Development Toolchain
1.1.2. Sysroots
1.1.3. The QEMU Emulator
1.1.4. Eclipse Yocto Plug-in
1.1.5. Performance Enhancing Tools
1.2. SDK Development Model
2. Using the Extensible SDK
2.1. Why use the Extensible SDK and What is in It?
2.2. Setting Up to Use the Extensible SDK
2.3. Running the Extensible SDK Environment Setup Script
2.4. Using devtool in Your SDK Workflow
2.4.1. Use devtool add to Add an Application
2.4.2. Use devtool modify to Modify the Source of an Existing Component
2.4.3. Use devtool upgrade to Create a Version of the Recipe that Supports a Newer Version of the Software
2.5. A Closer Look at devtool add
2.5.1. Name and Version
2.5.2. Dependency Detection and Mapping
2.5.3. License Detection
2.5.4. Adding Makefile-Only Software
2.5.5. Adding Native Tools
2.5.6. Adding Node.js Modules
2.6. Working With Recipes
2.6.1. Finding Logs and Work Files
2.6.2. Setting Configure Arguments
2.6.3. Sharing Files Between Recipes
2.6.4. Packaging
2.7. Restoring the Target Device to its Original State
2.8. Installing Additional Items Into the Extensible SDK
2.9. Updating the Extensible SDK
2.10. Creating a Derivative SDK With Additional Components
3. Using the Standard SDK
3.1. Why use the Standard SDK and What is in It?
3.2. Installing the SDK
3.3. Running the SDK Environment Setup Script
4. Using the SDK Toolchain Directly
4.1. Autotools-Based Projects
4.1.1. Creating and Running a Project Based on GNU Autotools
4.1.2. Passing Host Options
4.2. Makefile-Based Projects
4.3. Developing Applications Using Eclipse
4.3.1. Workflow Using Eclipse
4.3.2. Working Within Eclipse
A. Obtaining the SDK
A.1. Locating Pre-Built SDK Installers
A.2. Building an SDK Installer
A.3. Extracting the Root Filesystem
A.4. Installed Standard SDK Directory Structure
A.5. Installed Extensible SDK Directory Structure
B. Customizing the Extensible SDK
B.1. Configuring the Extensible SDK
B.2. Adjusting the Extensible SDK to Suit Your Build System Setup
B.3. Changing the Appearance of the Extensible SDK
B.4. Providing Updates After Installing the Extensible SDK
B.5. Providing Additional Installable Extensible SDK Content
B.6. Minimizing the Size of the Extensible SDK Installer Download
C. Customizing the Standard SDK
C.1. Adding Individual Packages to the Standard SDK
C.2. Adding API Documentation to the Standard SDK
D. Using Eclipse Mars
D.1. Setting Up the Mars Version of the Eclipse IDE
D.1.1. Installing the Mars Eclipse IDE
D.1.2. Configuring the Mars Eclipse IDE
D.1.3. Installing or Accessing the Mars Eclipse Yocto Plug-in
D.1.4. Configuring the Mars Eclipse Yocto Plug-in
D.2. Creating the Project
D.3. Configuring the Cross-Toolchains
D.4. Building the Project
D.5. Starting QEMU in User-Space NFS Mode
D.6. Deploying and Debugging the Application
D.7. Using Linuxtools

Chapter 1. Introduction

1.1. Introduction

Welcome to the Yocto Project Software Development Kit (SDK) Developer's Guide. This manual provides information that explains how to use both the Yocto Project extensible and standard SDKs to develop applications and images. Additionally, the manual also provides information on how to use the popular Eclipse™ IDE as part of your application development workflow within the SDK environment.

Note

Prior to the 2.0 Release of the Yocto Project, application development was primarily accomplished through the use of the Application Development Toolkit (ADT) and the availability of stand-alone cross-development toolchains and other tools. With the 2.1 Release of the Yocto Project, application development has transitioned to within a tool-rich extensible SDK and the more traditional standard SDK.

All SDKs consist of the following:

  • Cross-Development Toolchain: This toolchain contains a compiler, debugger, and various miscellaneous tools.

  • Libraries, Headers, and Symbols: The libraries, headers, and symbols are specific to the image (i.e. they match the image).

  • Environment Setup Script: This *.sh file, once run, sets up the cross-development environment by defining variables and preparing for SDK use.

Additionally an extensible SDK has tools that allow you to easily add new applications and libraries to an image, modify the source of an existing component, test changes on the target hardware, and easily integrate an application into the OpenEmbedded build system.

You can use an SDK to independently develop and test code that is destined to run on some target machine. SDKs are completely self-contained. The binaries are linked against their own copy of libc, which results in no dependencies on the target system. To achieve this, the pointer to the dynamic loader is configured at install time since that path cannot be dynamically altered. This is the reason for a wrapper around the populate_sdk and populate_sdk_ext archives.

Another feature for the SDKs is that only one set of cross-compiler toolchain binaries are produced for any given architecture. This feature takes advantage of the fact that the target hardware can be passed to gcc as a set of compiler options. Those options are set up by the environment script and contained in variables such as CC and LD. This reduces the space needed for the tools. Understand, however, that a sysroot is still needed for every target since those binaries are target-specific.

The SDK development environment consists of the following:

  • The self-contained SDK, which is an architecture-specific cross-toolchain and matching sysroots (target and native) all built by the OpenEmbedded build system (e.g. the SDK). The toolchain and sysroots are based on a Metadata configuration and extensions, which allows you to cross-develop on the host machine for the target hardware. Additionally, the extensible SDK contains the devtool functionality.

  • The Quick EMUlator (QEMU), which lets you simulate target hardware. QEMU is not literally part of the SDK. You must build and include this emulator separately. However, QEMU plays an important role in the development process that revolves around use of the SDK.

  • The Eclipse IDE Yocto Plug-in. This plug-in is available for you if you are an Eclipse user. In the same manner as QEMU, the plug-in is not literally part of the SDK but is rather available for use as part of the development process.

  • Various performance-related tools that can enhance your development experience. These tools are also separate from the actual SDK but can be independently obtained and used in the development process.

In summary, the extensible and standard SDK share many features. However, the extensible SDK has powerful development tools to help you more quickly develop applications. Following is a table that summarizes the primary differences between the standard and extensible SDK types when considering which to build:

FeatureStandard SDKExtensible SDK
ToolchainYesYes*
DebuggerYesYes*
Size100+ MBytes1+ GBytes (or 300+ MBytes for minimal w/toolchain)
devtoolNoYes
Build ImagesNoYes
UpdateableNoYes
Managed Sysroot**NoYes
Installed PackagesNo***Yes****
ConstructionPackagesShared State

     * Extensible SDK will contain the toolchain and debugger if SDK_EXT_TYPE is "full" or SDK_INCLUDE_TOOLCHAIN is "1", which is the default.

     ** Sysroot is managed through use of devtool.  Thus, it is less likely that you will corrupt your SDK sysroot when you try to add additional libraries.

     *** Runtime package management can be added to the standard SDK but it is not supported by default.

     **** You must build and make the shared state available to extensible SDK users for "packages" you want to enable users to install.
        

1.1.1. The Cross-Development Toolchain

The Cross-Development Toolchain consists of a cross-compiler, cross-linker, and cross-debugger that are used to develop user-space applications for targeted hardware. Additionally, for an extensible SDK, the toolchain also has built-in devtool functionality. This toolchain is created by running a SDK installer script or through a Build Directory that is based on your Metadata configuration or extension for your targeted device. The cross-toolchain works with a matching target sysroot.

1.1.2. Sysroots

The native and target sysroots contain needed headers and libraries for generating binaries that run on the target architecture. The target sysroot is based on the target root filesystem image that is built by the OpenEmbedded build system and uses the same Metadata configuration used to build the cross-toolchain.

1.1.3. The QEMU Emulator

The QEMU emulator allows you to simulate your hardware while running your application or image. QEMU is not part of the SDK but is made available a number of ways:

  • If you have cloned the poky Git repository to create a Source Directory and you have sourced the environment setup script, QEMU is installed and automatically available.

  • If you have downloaded a Yocto Project release and unpacked it to create a Source Directory and you have sourced the environment setup script, QEMU is installed and automatically available.

  • If you have installed the cross-toolchain tarball and you have sourced the toolchain's setup environment script, QEMU is also installed and automatically available.

1.1.4. Eclipse Yocto Plug-in

The Eclipse IDE is a popular development environment and it fully supports development using the Yocto Project. When you install and configure the Eclipse Yocto Project Plug-in into the Eclipse IDE, you maximize your Yocto Project experience. Installing and configuring the Plug-in results in an environment that has extensions specifically designed to let you more easily develop software. These extensions allow for cross-compilation, deployment, and execution of your output into a QEMU emulation session. You can also perform cross-debugging and profiling. The environment also supports many performance-related tools that enhance your development experience.

Note

Previous releases of the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in supported "user-space tools" (i.e. LatencyTOP, PowerTOP, Perf, SystemTap, and Lttng-ust) that also added to the development experience. These tools have been deprecated beginning with this release of the plug-in.

For information about the application development workflow that uses the Eclipse IDE and for a detailed example of how to install and configure the Eclipse Yocto Project Plug-in, see the "Developing Applications Using Eclipse" section.

1.1.5. Performance Enhancing Tools

Supported performance enhancing tools are available that let you profile, debug, and perform tracing on your projects developed using Eclipse. For information on these tools see http://www.eclipse.org/linuxtools/.

1.2. SDK Development Model

Fundamentally, the SDK fits into the development process as follows:

The SDK is installed on any machine and can be used to develop applications, images, and kernels. An SDK can even be used by a QA Engineer or Release Engineer. The fundamental concept is that the machine that has the SDK installed does not have to be associated with the machine that has the Yocto Project installed. A developer can independently compile and test an object on their machine and then, when the object is ready for integration into an image, they can simply make it available to the machine that has the Yocto Project. Once the object is available, the image can be rebuilt using the Yocto Project to produce the modified image.

You just need to follow these general steps:

  1. Install the SDK for your target hardware: For information on how to install the SDK, see the "Installing the SDK" section.

  2. Download or Build the Target Image: The Yocto Project supports several target architectures and has many pre-built kernel images and root filesystem images.

    If you are going to develop your application on hardware, go to the machines download area and choose a target machine area from which to download the kernel image and root filesystem. This download area could have several files in it that support development using actual hardware. For example, the area might contain .hddimg files that combine the kernel image with the filesystem, boot loaders, and so forth. Be sure to get the files you need for your particular development process.

    If you are going to develop your application and then run and test it using the QEMU emulator, go to the machines/qemu download area. From this area, go down into the directory for your target architecture (e.g. qemux86_64 for an Intel®-based 64-bit architecture). Download kernel, root filesystem, and any other files you need for your process.

    Note

    To use the root filesystem in QEMU, you need to extract it. See the "Extracting the Root Filesystem" section for information on how to extract the root filesystem.

  3. Develop and Test your Application: At this point, you have the tools to develop your application. If you need to separately install and use the QEMU emulator, you can go to QEMU Home Page to download and learn about the emulator. See the "Using the Quick EMUlator (QEMU)" chapter in the Yocto Project Development Manual for information on using QEMU within the Yocto Project.

The remainder of this manual describes how to use both the standard SDK and the extensible SDK. Information also exists in appendix form that describes how you can build, install, and modify an SDK.

Chapter 2. Using the Extensible SDK

This chapter describes the extensible SDK and how to install it. Information covers the pieces of the SDK, how to install it, and presents a look at using the devtool functionality. The extensible SDK makes it easy to add new applications and libraries to an image, modify the source for an existing component, test changes on the target hardware, and ease integration into the rest of the OpenEmbedded build system.

Note

For a side-by-side comparison of main features supported for an extensible SDK as compared to a standard SDK, see the "Introduction" section.

In addition to the functionality available through devtool, you can alternatively make use of the toolchain directly, for example from Makefile, Autotools, and Eclipse-based projects. See the "Using the SDK Toolchain Directly" chapter for more information.

2.1. Why use the Extensible SDK and What is in It?

The extensible SDK provides a cross-development toolchain and libraries tailored to the contents of a specific image. You would use the Extensible SDK if you want a toolchain experience supplemented with the powerful set of devtool commands tailored for the Yocto Project environment.

The installed extensible SDK consists of several files and directories. Basically, it contains an SDK environment setup script, some configuration files, an internal build system, and the devtool functionality.

2.2. Setting Up to Use the Extensible SDK

The first thing you need to do is install the SDK on your host development machine by running the *.sh installation script.

You can download a tarball installer, which includes the pre-built toolchain, the runqemu script, the internal build system, devtool, and support files from the appropriate directory under http://downloads.yoctoproject.org/releases/yocto/yocto-2.2/toolchain/. Toolchains are available for 32-bit and 64-bit x86 development systems from the i686 and x86_64 directories, respectively. The toolchains the Yocto Project provides are based off the core-image-sato image and contain libraries appropriate for developing against that image. Each type of development system supports five or more target architectures.

The names of the tarball installer scripts are such that a string representing the host system appears first in the filename and then is immediately followed by a string representing the target architecture. An extensible SDK has the string "-ext" as part of the name.

     poky-glibc-host_system-image_type-arch-toolchain-ext-release_version.sh

     Where:
         host_system is a string representing your development system:

                    i686 or x86_64.

         image_type is the image for which the SDK was built.

         arch is a string representing the tuned target architecture:

                    i586, x86_64, powerpc, mips, armv7a or armv5te

         release_version is a string representing the release number of the
                Yocto Project:

                    2.2, 2.2+snapshot
            

For example, the following SDK installer is for a 64-bit development host system and a i586-tuned target architecture based off the SDK for core-image-sato and using the current 2.2 snapshot:

     poky-glibc-x86_64-core-image-sato-i586-toolchain-ext-2.2.sh
            

Note

As an alternative to downloading an SDK, you can build the SDK installer. For information on building the installer, see the "Building an SDK Installer" section. Another helpful resource for building an installer is the Cookbook guide to Making an Eclipse Debug Capable Image wiki page. This wiki page focuses on development when using the Eclipse IDE.

The SDK and toolchains are self-contained and by default are installed into the poky_sdk folder in your home directory. You can choose to install the extensible SDK in any location when you run the installer. However, the location you choose needs to be writable for whichever users need to use the SDK, since files will need to be written under that directory during the normal course of operation.

The following command shows how to run the installer given a toolchain tarball for a 64-bit x86 development host system and a 64-bit x86 target architecture. The example assumes the SDK installer is located in ~/Downloads/.

Note

If you do not have write permissions for the directory into which you are installing the SDK, the installer notifies you and exits. Be sure you have write permissions in the directory and run the installer again.

     $ ./poky-glibc-x86_64-core-image-minimal-core2-64-toolchain-ext-2.2.sh
     Poky (Yocto Project Reference Distro) Extensible SDK installer version 2.2
     ===================================================================================
     Enter target directory for SDK (default: ~/poky_sdk):
     You are about to install the SDK to "/home/scottrif/poky_sdk". Proceed[Y/n]? Y
     Extracting SDK......................................................................done
     Setting it up...
     Extracting buildtools...
     Preparing build system...
     done
     SDK has been successfully set up and is ready to be used.
     Each time you wish to use the SDK in a new shell session, you need to source the environment setup script e.g.
      $ . /home/scottrif/poky_sdk/environment-setup-core2-64-poky-linux
            

2.3. Running the Extensible SDK Environment Setup Script

Once you have the SDK installed, you must run the SDK environment setup script before you can actually use it. This setup script resides in the directory you chose when you installed the SDK, which is either the default poky_sdk directory or the directory you chose during installation.

Before running the script, be sure it is the one that matches the architecture for which you are developing. Environment setup scripts begin with the string "environment-setup" and include as part of their name the tuned target architecture. As an example, the following commands set the working directory to where the SDK was installed and then source the environment setup script. In this example, the setup script is for an IA-based target machine using i586 tuning:

     $ cd /home/scottrif/poky_sdk
     $ source environment-setup-core2-64-poky-linux
     SDK environment now set up; additionally you may now run devtool to perform development tasks.
     Run devtool --help for further details.
            

When you run the setup script, many environment variables are defined:

     SDKTARGETSYSROOT - The path to the sysroot used for cross-compilation
     PKG_CONFIG_PATH - The path to the target pkg-config files
     CONFIG_SITE - A GNU autoconf site file preconfigured for the target
     CC - The minimal command and arguments to run the C compiler
     CXX - The minimal command and arguments to run the C++ compiler
     CPP - The minimal command and arguments to run the C preprocessor
     AS - The minimal command and arguments to run the assembler
     LD - The minimal command and arguments to run the linker
     GDB - The minimal command and arguments to run the GNU Debugger
     STRIP - The minimal command and arguments to run 'strip', which strips symbols
     RANLIB - The minimal command and arguments to run 'ranlib'
     OBJCOPY - The minimal command and arguments to run 'objcopy'
     OBJDUMP - The minimal command and arguments to run 'objdump'
     AR - The minimal command and arguments to run 'ar'
     NM - The minimal command and arguments to run 'nm'
     TARGET_PREFIX - The toolchain binary prefix for the target tools
     CROSS_COMPILE - The toolchain binary prefix for the target tools
     CONFIGURE_FLAGS - The minimal arguments for GNU configure
     CFLAGS - Suggested C flags
     CXXFLAGS - Suggested C++ flags
     LDFLAGS - Suggested linker flags when you use CC to link
     CPPFLAGS - Suggested preprocessor flags
            

2.4. Using devtool in Your SDK Workflow

The cornerstone of the extensible SDK is a command-line tool called devtool. This tool provides a number of features that help you build, test and package software within the extensible SDK, and optionally integrate it into an image built by the OpenEmbedded build system.

The devtool command line is organized similarly to Git in that it has a number of sub-commands for each function. You can run devtool --help to see all the commands.

Three devtool subcommands that provide entry-points into development are:

  • devtool add: Assists in adding new software to be built.

  • devtool modify: Sets up an environment to enable you to modify the source of an existing component.

  • devtool upgrade: Updates an existing recipe so that you can build it for an updated set of source files.

As with the OpenEmbedded build system, "recipes" represent software packages within devtool. When you use devtool add, a recipe is automatically created. When you use devtool modify, the specified existing recipe is used in order to determine where to get the source code and how to patch it. In both cases, an environment is set up so that when you build the recipe a source tree that is under your control is used in order to allow you to make changes to the source as desired. By default, both new recipes and the source go into a "workspace" directory under the SDK.

The remainder of this section presents the devtool add, devtool modify, and devtool upgrade workflows.

2.4.1. Use devtool add to Add an Application

The devtool add command generates a new recipe based on existing source code. This command takes advantage of the workspace layer that many devtool commands use. The command is flexible enough to allow you to extract source code into both the workspace or a separate local Git repository and to use existing code that does not need to be extracted.

Depending on your particular scenario, the arguments and options you use with devtool add form different combinations. The following diagram shows common development flows you would use with the devtool add command:

  1. Generating the New Recipe: The top part of the flow shows three scenarios by which you could use devtool add to generate a recipe based on existing source code.

    In a shared development environment, it is typical where other developers are responsible for various areas of source code. As a developer, you are probably interested in using that source code as part of your development using the Yocto Project. All you need is access to the code, a recipe, and a controlled area in which to do your work.

    Within the diagram, three possible scenarios feed into the devtool add workflow:

    • Left: The left scenario represents a common situation where the source code does not exist locally and needs to be extracted. In this situation, you just let it get extracted to the default workspace - you do not want it in some specific location outside of the workspace. Thus, everything you need will be located in the workspace:

           $ devtool add recipe fetchuri
                                      

      With this command, devtool creates a recipe and an append file in the workspace as well as extracts the upstream source files into a local Git repository also within the sources folder.

    • Middle: The middle scenario also represents a situation where the source code does not exist locally. In this case, the code is again upstream and needs to be extracted to some local area - this time outside of the default workspace. If required, devtool always creates a Git repository locally during the extraction. Furthermore, the first positional argument srctree in this case identifies where the devtool add command will locate the extracted code outside of the workspace:

           $ devtool add recipe srctree fetchuri
                                      

      In summary, the source code is pulled from fetchuri and extracted into the location defined by srctree as a local Git repository.

      Within workspace, devtool creates both the recipe and an append file for the recipe.

    • Right: The right scenario represents a situation where the source tree (srctree) has been previously prepared outside of the devtool workspace.

      The following command names the recipe and identifies where the existing source tree is located:

           $ devtool add recipe srctree
                                      

      The command examines the source code and creates a recipe for it placing the recipe into the workspace.

      Because the extracted source code already exists, devtool does not try to relocate it into the workspace - just the new the recipe is placed in the workspace.

      Aside from a recipe folder, the command also creates an append folder and places an initial *.bbappend within.

  2. Edit the Recipe: At this point, you can use devtool edit-recipe to open up the editor as defined by the $EDITOR environment variable and modify the file:

         $ devtool edit-recipe recipe
                            

    From within the editor, you can make modifications to the recipe that take affect when you build it later.

  3. Build the Recipe or Rebuild the Image: At this point in the flow, the next step you take depends on what you are going to do with the new code.

    If you need to take the build output and eventually move it to the target hardware, you would use devtool build:

         $ devtool build recipe
                            

    On the other hand, if you want an image to contain the recipe's packages for immediate deployment onto a device (e.g. for testing purposes), you can use the devtool build-image command:

         $ devtool build-image image
                            

  4. Deploy the Build Output: When you use the devtool build command to build out your recipe, you probably want to see if the resulting build output works as expected on target hardware.

    Note

    This step assumes you have a previously built image that is already either running in QEMU or running on actual hardware. Also, it is assumed that for deployment of the image to the target, SSH is installed in the image and if the image is running on real hardware that you have network access to and from your development machine.

    You can deploy your build output to that target hardware by using the devtool deploy-target command:

         $ devtool deploy-target recipe target
                            

    The target is a live target machine running as an SSH server.

    You can, of course, also deploy the image you build using the devtool build-image command to actual hardware. However, devtool does not provide a specific command that allows you to do this.

  5. Finish Your Work With the Recipe: The devtool finish command creates any patches corresponding to commits in the local Git repository, moves the new recipe to a more permanent layer, and then resets the recipe so that the recipe is built normally rather than from the workspace.

         $ devtool finish recipe layer
                            

    Note

    Any changes you want to turn into patches must be committed to the Git repository in the source tree.

    As mentioned, the devtool finish command moves the final recipe to its permanent layer.

    As a final process of the devtool finish command, the state of the standard layers and the upstream source is restored so that you can build the recipe from those areas rather than the workspace.

    Note

    You can use the devtool reset command to put things back should you decide you do not want to proceed with your work. If you do use this command, realize that the source tree is preserved.

2.4.2. Use devtool modify to Modify the Source of an Existing Component

The devtool modify command prepares the way to work on existing code that already has a recipe in place. The command is flexible enough to allow you to extract code, specify the existing recipe, and keep track of and gather any patch files from other developers that are associated with the code.

Depending on your particular scenario, the arguments and options you use with devtool modify form different combinations. The following diagram shows common development flows you would use with the devtool modify command:

  1. Preparing to Modify the Code: The top part of the flow shows three scenarios by which you could use devtool modify to prepare to work on source files. Each scenario assumes the following:

    • The recipe exists in some layer external to the devtool workspace.

    • The source files exist upstream in an un-extracted state or locally in a previously extracted state.

    The typical situation is where another developer has created some layer for use with the Yocto Project and their recipe already resides in that layer. Furthermore, their source code is readily available either upstream or locally.

    • Left: The left scenario represents a common situation where the source code does not exist locally and needs to be extracted. In this situation, the source is extracted into the default workspace location. The recipe, in this scenario, is in its own layer outside the workspace (i.e. meta-layername).

      The following command identifies the recipe and by default extracts the source files:

           $ devtool modify recipe
                                      

      Once devtoollocates the recipe, it uses the SRC_URI variable to locate the source code and any local patch files from other developers are located.

      Note

      You cannot provide an URL for srctree when using the devtool modify command.

      With this scenario, however, since no srctree argument exists, the devtool modify command by default extracts the source files to a Git structure. Furthermore, the location for the extracted source is the default area within the workspace. The result is that the command sets up both the source code and an append file within the workspace with the recipe remaining in its original location.

    • Middle: The middle scenario represents a situation where the source code also does not exist locally. In this case, the code is again upstream and needs to be extracted to some local area as a Git repository. The recipe, in this scenario, is again in its own layer outside the workspace.

      The following command tells devtool what recipe with which to work and, in this case, identifies a local area for the extracted source files that is outside of the default workspace:

           $ devtool modify recipe srctree
                                      

      As with all extractions, the command uses the recipe's SRC_URI to locate the source files. Once the files are located, the command by default extracts them. Providing the srctree argument instructs devtool where place the extracted source.

      Within workspace, devtool creates an append file for the recipe. The recipe remains in its original location but the source files are extracted to the location you provided with srctree.

    • Right: The right scenario represents a situation where the source tree (srctree) exists as a previously extracted Git structure outside of the devtool workspace. In this example, the recipe also exists elsewhere in its own layer.

      The following command tells devtool the recipe with which to work, uses the "-n" option to indicate source does not need to be extracted, and uses srctree to point to the previously extracted source files:

           $ devtool modify -n recipe srctree
                                      

      Once the command finishes, it creates only an append file for the recipe in the workspace. The recipe and the source code remain in their original locations.

  2. Edit the Source: Once you have used the devtool modify command, you are free to make changes to the source files. You can use any editor you like to make and save your source code modifications.

  3. Build the Recipe: Once you have updated the source files, you can build the recipe.

  4. Deploy the Build Output: When you use the devtool build command to build out your recipe, you probably want to see if the resulting build output works as expected on target hardware.

    Note

    This step assumes you have a previously built image that is already either running in QEMU or running on actual hardware. Also, it is assumed that for deployment of the image to the target, SSH is installed in the image and if the image is running on real hardware that you have network access to and from your development machine.

    You can deploy your build output to that target hardware by using the devtool deploy-target command:

         $ devtool deploy-target recipe target
                            

    The target is a live target machine running as an SSH server.

    You can, of course, also deploy the image you build using the devtool build-image command to actual hardware. However, devtool does not provide a specific command that allows you to do this.

  5. Finish Your Work With the Recipe: The devtool finish command creates any patches corresponding to commits in the local Git repository, updates the recipe to point to them (or creates a .bbappend file to do so, depending on the specified destination layer), and then resets the recipe so that the recipe is built normally rather than from the workspace.

         $ devtool finish recipe layer
                            

    Note

    Any changes you want to turn into patches must be committed to the Git repository in the source tree.

    Because there is no need to move the recipe, devtool finish either updates the original recipe in the original layer or the command creates a .bbappend in a different layer as provided by layer.

    As a final process of the devtool finish command, the state of the standard layers and the upstream source is restored so that you can build the recipe from those areas rather than the workspace.

    Note

    You can use the devtool reset command to put things back should you decide you do not want to proceed with your work. If you do use this command, realize that the source tree is preserved.

2.4.3. Use devtool upgrade to Create a Version of the Recipe that Supports a Newer Version of the Software

The devtool upgrade command updates an existing recipe so that you can build it for an updated set of source files. The command is flexible enough to allow you to specify source code revision and versioning schemes, extract code into or out of the devtool workspace, and work with any source file forms that the fetchers support.

Depending on your particular scenario, the arguments and options you use with devtool upgrade form different combinations. The following diagram shows a common development flow you would use with the devtool modify command:

  1. Initiate the Upgrade: The top part of the flow shows a typical scenario by which you could use devtool upgrade. The following conditions exist:

    • The recipe exists in some layer external to the devtool workspace.

    • The source files for the new release exist adjacent to the same location pointed to by SRC_URI in the recipe (e.g. a tarball with the new version number in the name, or as a different revision in the upstream Git repository).

    A common situation is where third-party software has undergone a revision so that it has been upgraded. The recipe you have access to is likely in your own layer. Thus, you need to upgrade the recipe to use the newer version of the software:

         $ devtool upgrade -V version recipe
                            

    By default, the devtool upgrade command extracts source code into the sources directory in the workspace. If you want the code extracted to any other location, you need to provide the srctree positional argument with the command as follows:

         $ devtool upgrade -V version recipe srctree
                            

    Also, in this example, the "-V" option is used to specify the new version. If the source files pointed to by the SRC_URI statement in the recipe are in a Git repository, you must provide the "-S" option and specify a revision for the software.

    Once devtool locates the recipe, it uses the SRC_URI variable to locate the source code and any local patch files from other developers are located. The result is that the command sets up the source code, the new version of the recipe, and an append file all within the workspace.

  2. Resolve any Conflicts created by the Upgrade: At this point, there could be some conflicts due to the software being upgraded to a new version. This would occur if your recipe specifies some patch files in SRC_URI that conflict with changes made in the new version of the software. If this is the case, you need to resolve the conflicts by editing the source and following the normal git rebase conflict resolution process.

    Before moving onto the next step, be sure to resolve any such conflicts created through use of a newer or different version of the software.

  3. Build the Recipe: Once you have your recipe in order, you can build it. You can either use devtool build or bitbake. Either method produces build output that is stored in TMPDIR.

  4. Deploy the Build Output: When you use the devtool build command or bitbake to build out your recipe, you probably want to see if the resulting build output works as expected on target hardware.

    Note

    This step assumes you have a previously built image that is already either running in QEMU or running on actual hardware. Also, it is assumed that for deployment of the image to the target, SSH is installed in the image and if the image is running on real hardware that you have network access to and from your development machine.

    You can deploy your build output to that target hardware by using the devtool deploy-target command:

         $ devtool deploy-target recipe target
                            

    The target is a live target machine running as an SSH server.

    You can, of course, also deploy the image you build using the devtool build-image command to actual hardware. However, devtool does not provide a specific command that allows you to do this.

  5. Finish Your Work With the Recipe: The devtool finish command creates any patches corresponding to commits in the local Git repository, moves the new recipe to a more permanent layer, and then resets the recipe so that the recipe is built normally rather than from the workspace. If you specify a destination layer that is the same as the original source, then the old version of the recipe and associated files will be removed prior to adding the new version.

         $ devtool finish recipe layer
                            

    Note

    Any changes you want to turn into patches must be committed to the Git repository in the source tree.

    As a final process of the devtool finish command, the state of the standard layers and the upstream source is restored so that you can build the recipe from those areas rather than the workspace.

    Note

    You can use the devtool reset command to put things back should you decide you do not want to proceed with your work. If you do use this command, realize that the source tree is preserved.

2.5. A Closer Look at devtool add

The devtool add command automatically creates a recipe based on the source tree with which you provide it. Currently, the command has support for the following:

  • Autotools (autoconf and automake)

  • CMake

  • Scons

  • qmake

  • Plain Makefile

  • Out-of-tree kernel module

  • Binary package (i.e. "-b" option)

  • Node.js module

  • Python modules that use setuptools or distutils

Apart from binary packages, the determination of how a source tree should be treated is automatic based on the files present within that source tree. For example, if a CMakeLists.txt file is found, then the source tree is assumed to be using CMake and is treated accordingly.

Note

In most cases, you need to edit the automatically generated recipe in order to make it build properly. Typically, you would go through several edit and build cycles until you can build the recipe. Once the recipe can be built, you could use possible further iterations to test the recipe on the target device.

The remainder of this section covers specifics regarding how parts of the recipe are generated.

2.5.1. Name and Version

If you do not specify a name and version on the command line, devtool add attempts to determine the name and version of the software being built from various metadata within the source tree. Furthermore, the command sets the name of the created recipe file accordingly. If the name or version cannot be determined, the devtool add command prints an error and you must re-run the command with both the name and version or just the name or version specified.

Sometimes the name or version determined from the source tree might be incorrect. For such a case, you must reset the recipe:

     $ devtool reset -n recipename
                

After running the devtool reset command, you need to run devtool add again and provide the name or the version.

2.5.2. Dependency Detection and Mapping

The devtool add command attempts to detect build-time dependencies and map them to other recipes in the system. During this mapping, the command fills in the names of those recipes in the DEPENDS value within the recipe. If a dependency cannot be mapped, then a comment is placed in the recipe indicating such. The inability to map a dependency might be caused because the naming is not recognized or because the dependency simply is not available. For cases where the dependency is not available, you must use the devtool add command to add an additional recipe to satisfy the dependency and then come back to the first recipe and add its name to DEPENDS.

If you need to add runtime dependencies, you can do so by adding the following to your recipe:

     RDEPENDS_${PN} += "dependency1 dependency2 ..."
                

Note

The devtool add command often cannot distinguish between mandatory and optional dependencies. Consequently, some of the detected dependencies might in fact be optional. When in doubt, consult the documentation or the configure script for the software the recipe is building for further details. In some cases, you might find you can substitute the dependency for an option to disable the associated functionality passed to the configure script.

2.5.3. License Detection

The devtool add command attempts to determine if the software you are adding is able to be distributed under a common open-source license and sets the LICENSE value accordingly. You should double-check this value against the documentation or source files for the software you are building and update that LICENSE value if necessary.

The devtool add command also sets the LIC_FILES_CHKSUM value to point to all files that appear to be license-related. However, license statements often appear in comments at the top of source files or within documentation. Consequently, you might need to amend the LIC_FILES_CHKSUM variable to point to one or more of those comments if present. Setting LIC_FILES_CHKSUM is particularly important for third-party software. The mechanism attempts to ensure correct licensing should you upgrade the recipe to a newer upstream version in future. Any change in licensing is detected and you receive an error prompting you to check the license text again.

If the devtool add command cannot determine licensing information, the LICENSE value is set to "CLOSED" and the LIC_FILES_CHKSUM value remains unset. This behavior allows you to continue with development but is unlikely to be correct in all cases. Consequently, you should check the documentation or source files for the software you are building to determine the actual license.

2.5.4. Adding Makefile-Only Software

The use of make by itself is very common in both proprietary and open source software. Unfortunately, Makefiles are often not written with cross-compilation in mind. Thus, devtool add often cannot do very much to ensure that these Makefiles build correctly. It is very common, for example, to explicitly call gcc instead of using the CC variable. Usually, in a cross-compilation environment, gcc is the compiler for the build host and the cross-compiler is named something similar to arm-poky-linux-gnueabi-gcc and might require some arguments (e.g. to point to the associated sysroot for the target machine).

When writing a recipe for Makefile-only software, keep the following in mind:

  • You probably need to patch the Makefile to use variables instead of hardcoding tools within the toolchain such as gcc and g++.

  • The environment in which make runs is set up with various standard variables for compilation (e.g. CC, CXX, and so forth) in a similar manner to the environment set up by the SDK's environment setup script. One easy way to see these variables is to run the devtool build command on the recipe and then look in oe-logs/run.do_compile. Towards the top of this file you will see a list of environment variables that are being set. You can take advantage of these variables within the Makefile.

  • If the Makefile sets a default for a variable using "=", that default overrides the value set in the environment, which is usually not desirable. In this situation, you can either patch the Makefile so it sets the default using the "?=" operator, or you can alternatively force the value on the make command line. To force the value on the command line, add the variable setting to EXTRA_OEMAKE or PACKAGECONFIG_CONFARGS within the recipe. Here is an example using EXTRA_OEMAKE:

         EXTRA_OEMAKE += "'CC=${CC}' 'CXX=${CXX}'"
                            

    In the above example, single quotes are used around the variable settings as the values are likely to contain spaces because required default options are passed to the compiler.

  • Hardcoding paths inside Makefiles is often problematic in a cross-compilation environment. This is particularly true because those hardcoded paths often point to locations on the build host and thus will either be read-only or will introduce contamination into the cross-compilation by virtue of being specific to the build host rather than the target. Patching the Makefile to use prefix variables or other path variables is usually the way to handle this.

  • Sometimes a Makefile runs target-specific commands such as ldconfig. For such cases, you might be able to simply apply patches that remove these commands from the Makefile.

2.5.5. Adding Native Tools

Often, you need to build additional tools that run on the build host system as opposed to the target. You should indicate this using one of the following methods when you run devtool add:

  • Specify the name of the recipe such that it ends with "-native". Specifying the name like this produces a recipe that only builds for the build host.

  • Specify the "‐‐also-native" option with the devtool add command. Specifying this option creates a recipe file that still builds for the target but also creates a variant with a "-native" suffix that builds for the build host.

Note

If you need to add a tool that is shipped as part of a source tree that builds code for the target, you can typically accomplish this by building the native and target parts separately rather than within the same compilation process. Realize though that with the "‐‐also-native" option, you can add the tool using just one recipe file.

2.5.6. Adding Node.js Modules

You can use the devtool add command two different ways to add Node.js modules: 1) Through npm and, 2) from a repository or local source.

Use the following form to add Node.js modules through npm:

     $ devtool add "npm://registry.npmjs.org;name=forever;version=0.15.1"
                

The name and version parameters are mandatory. Lockdown and shrinkwrap files are generated and pointed to by the recipe in order to freeze the version that is fetched for the dependencies according to the first time. This also saves checksums that are verified on future fetches. Together, these behaviors ensure the reproducibility and integrity of the build.

Notes

  • You must use quotes around the URL. The devtool add does not require the quotes, but the shell considers ";" as a splitter between multiple commands. Thus, without the quotes, devtool add does not receive the other parts, which results in several "command not found" errors.

  • In order to support adding Node.js modules, a nodejs recipe must be part of your SDK in order to provide Node.js itself.

As mentioned earlier, you can also add Node.js modules directly from a repository or local source tree. To add modules this way, use devtool add in the following form:

     $ devtool add https://github.com/diversario/node-ssdp
                

In this example, devtool fetches the specified Git repository, detects that the code is Node.js code, fetches dependencies using npm, and sets SRC_URI accordingly.

2.6. Working With Recipes

When building a recipe with devtool build the typical build progression is as follows:

  1. Fetch the source

  2. Unpack the source

  3. Configure the source

  4. Compiling the source

  5. Install the build output

  6. Package the installed output

For recipes in the workspace, fetching and unpacking is disabled as the source tree has already been prepared and is persistent. Each of these build steps is defined as a function, usually with a "do_" prefix. These functions are typically shell scripts but can instead be written in Python.

If you look at the contents of a recipe, you will see that the recipe does not include complete instructions for building the software. Instead, common functionality is encapsulated in classes inherited with the inherit directive, leaving the recipe to describe just the things that are specific to the software to be built. A base class exists that is implicitly inherited by all recipes and provides the functionality that most typical recipes need.

The remainder of this section presents information useful when working with recipes.

2.6.1. Finding Logs and Work Files

When you are debugging a recipe that you previously created using devtool add or whose source you are modifying by using the devtool modify command, after the first run of devtool build, you will find some symbolic links created within the source tree: oe-logs, which points to the directory in which log files and run scripts for each build step are created and oe-workdir, which points to the temporary work area for the recipe. You can use these links to get more information on what is happening at each build step.

These locations under oe-workdir are particularly useful:

  • image/: Contains all of the files installed at the do_install stage. Within a recipe, this directory is referred to by the expression ${D}.

  • sysroot-destdir/: Contains a subset of files installed within do_install that have been put into the shared sysroot. For more information, see the "Sharing Files Between Recipes" section.

  • packages-split/: Contains subdirectories for each package produced by the recipe. For more information, see the "Packaging" section.

2.6.2. Setting Configure Arguments

If the software your recipe is building uses GNU autoconf, then a fixed set of arguments is passed to it to enable cross-compilation plus any extras specified by EXTRA_OECONF or PACKAGECONFIG_CONFARGS set within the recipe. If you wish to pass additional options, add them to EXTRA_OECONF or PACKAGECONFIG_CONFARGS. Other supported build tools have similar variables (e.g. EXTRA_OECMAKE for CMake, EXTRA_OESCONS for Scons, and so forth). If you need to pass anything on the make command line, you can use EXTRA_OEMAKE or the PACKAGECONFIG_CONFARGS variables to do so.

You can use the devtool configure-help command to help you set the arguments listed in the previous paragraph. The command determines the exact options being passed, and shows them to you along with any custom arguments specified through EXTRA_OECONF or PACKAGECONFIG_CONFARGS. If applicable, the command also shows you the output of the configure script's "‐‐help" option as a reference.

2.6.3. Sharing Files Between Recipes

Recipes often need to use files provided by other recipes on the build host. For example, an application linking to a common library needs access to the library itself and its associated headers. The way this access is accomplished within the extensible SDK is through the sysroot. One sysroot exists per "machine" for which the SDK is being built. In practical terms, this means a sysroot exists for the target machine, and a sysroot exists for the build host.

Recipes should never write files directly into the sysroot. Instead, files should be installed into standard locations during the do_install task within the ${D} directory. A subset of these files automatically go into the sysroot. The reason for this limitation is that almost all files that go into the sysroot are cataloged in manifests in order to ensure they can be removed later when a recipe is modified or removed. Thus, the sysroot is able to remain free from stale files.

2.6.4. Packaging

Packaging is not always particularly relevant within the extensible SDK. However, if you examine how build output gets into the final image on the target device, it is important to understand packaging because the contents of the image are expressed in terms of packages and not recipes.

During the do_package task, files installed during the do_install task are split into one main package, which is almost always named the same as the recipe, and several other packages. This separation is done because not all of those installed files are always useful in every image. For example, you probably do not need any of the documentation installed in a production image. Consequently, for each recipe the documentation files are separated into a -doc package. Recipes that package software that has optional modules or plugins might do additional package splitting as well.

After building a recipe you can see where files have gone by looking in the oe-workdir/packages-split directory, which contains a subdirectory for each package. Apart from some advanced cases, the PACKAGES and FILES variables controls splitting. The PACKAGES variable lists all of the packages to be produced, while the FILES variable specifies which files to include in each package, using an override to specify the package. For example, FILES_${PN} specifies the files to go into the main package (i.e. the main package is named the same as the recipe and ${PN} evaluates to the recipe name). The order of the PACKAGES value is significant. For each installed file, the first package whose FILES value matches the file is the package into which the file goes. Defaults exist for both the PACKAGES and FILES variables. Consequently, you might find you do not even need to set these variables in your recipe unless the software the recipe is building installs files into non-standard locations.

2.7. Restoring the Target Device to its Original State

If you use the devtool deploy-target command to write a recipe's build output to the target, and you are working on an existing component of the system, then you might find yourself in a situation where you need to restore the original files that existed prior to running the devtool deploy-target command. Because the devtool deploy-target command backs up any files it overwrites, you can use the devtool undeploy-target to restore those files and remove any other files the recipe deployed. Consider the following example:

     $ devtool undeploy-target lighttpd root@192.168.7.2
            

If you have deployed multiple applications, you can remove them all at once thus restoring the target device back to its original state:

     $ devtool undeploy-target -a root@192.168.7.2
            

Information about files deployed to the target as well as any backed up files are stored on the target itself. This storage of course requires some additional space on the target machine.

Note

The devtool deploy-target and devtool undeploy-target command do not currently interact with any package management system on the target device (e.g. RPM or OPKG). Consequently, you should not intermingle operations devtool deploy-target and the package manager operations on the target device. Doing so could result in a conflicting set of files.

2.8. Installing Additional Items Into the Extensible SDK

The extensible SDK typically only comes with a small number of tools and libraries out of the box. If you have a minimal SDK, then it starts mostly empty and is populated on-demand. However, sometimes you will need to explicitly install extra items into the SDK. If you need these extra items, you can first search for the items using the devtool search command. For example, suppose you need to link to libGL but you are not sure which recipe provides it. You can use the following command to find out:

     $ devtool search libGL
     mesa                  A free implementation of the OpenGL API
            

Once you know the recipe (i.e. mesa in this example), you can install it:

     $ devtool sdk-install mesa
            

By default, the devtool sdk-install assumes the item is available in pre-built form from your SDK provider. If the item is not available and it is acceptable to build the item from source, you can add the "-s" option as follows:

     $ devtool sdk-install -s mesa
            

It is important to remember that building the item from source takes significantly longer than installing the pre-built artifact. Also, if no recipe exists for the item you want to add to the SDK, you must instead add it using the devtool add command.

2.9. Updating the Extensible SDK

If you are working with an extensible SDK that gets occasionally updated (e.g. typically when that SDK has been provided to you by another party), then you will need to manually pull down those updates to your installed SDK.

To update your installed SDK, run the following:

     $ devtool sdk-update
            

The previous command assumes your SDK provider has set the default update URL for you. If that URL has not been set, you need to specify it yourself as follows:

     $ devtool sdk-update path_to_update_directory
            

Note

The URL needs to point specifically to a published SDK and not an SDK installer that you would download and install.

2.10. Creating a Derivative SDK With Additional Components

You might need to produce an SDK that contains your own custom libraries for sending to a third party (e.g., if you are a vendor with customers needing to build their own software for the target platform). If that is the case, then you can produce a derivative SDK based on the currently installed SDK fairly easily. Use these steps:

  1. If necessary, install an extensible SDK that you want to use as a base for your derivative SDK.

  2. Source the environment script for the SDK.

  3. Add the extra libraries or other components you want by using the devtool add command.

  4. Run the devtool build-sdk command.

The above procedure takes the recipes added to the workspace and constructs a new SDK installer containing those recipes and the resulting binary artifacts. The recipes go into their own separate layer in the constructed derivative SDK, leaving the workspace clean and ready for users to add their own recipes.

Chapter 3. Using the Standard SDK

This chapter describes the standard SDK and how to install it. Information includes unique installation and setup aspects for the standard SDK.

Note

For a side-by-side comparison of main features supported for a standard SDK as compared to an extensible SDK, see the "Introduction" section.

You can use a standard SDK to work on Makefile, Autotools, and Eclipse-based projects. See the "Working with Different Types of Projects" chapter for more information.

3.1. Why use the Standard SDK and What is in It?

The Standard SDK provides a cross-development toolchain and libraries tailored to the contents of a specific image. You would use the Standard SDK if you want a more traditional toolchain experience as compared to the extensible SDK, which provides an internal build system and the devtool functionality.

The installed Standard SDK consists of several files and directories. Basically, it contains an SDK environment setup script, some configuration files, and host and target root filesystems to support usage. You can see the directory structure in the "Installed Standard SDK Directory Structure" section.

3.2. Installing the SDK

The first thing you need to do is install the SDK on your host development machine by running the *.sh installation script.

You can download a tarball installer, which includes the pre-built toolchain, the runqemu script, and support files from the appropriate directory under http://downloads.yoctoproject.org/releases/yocto/yocto-2.2/toolchain/. Toolchains are available for 32-bit and 64-bit x86 development systems from the i686 and x86_64 directories, respectively. The toolchains the Yocto Project provides are based off the core-image-sato image and contain libraries appropriate for developing against that image. Each type of development system supports five or more target architectures.

The names of the tarball installer scripts are such that a string representing the host system appears first in the filename and then is immediately followed by a string representing the target architecture.

     poky-glibc-host_system-image_type-arch-toolchain-release_version.sh

     Where:
         host_system is a string representing your development system:

                    i686 or x86_64.

         image_type is the image for which the SDK was built.

         arch is a string representing the tuned target architecture:

                    i586, x86_64, powerpc, mips, armv7a or armv5te

         release_version is a string representing the release number of the
                Yocto Project:

                    2.2, 2.2+snapshot
            

For example, the following SDK installer is for a 64-bit development host system and a i586-tuned target architecture based off the SDK for core-image-sato and using the current 2.2 snapshot:

     poky-glibc-x86_64-core-image-sato-i586-toolchain-2.2.sh
            

Note

As an alternative to downloading an SDK, you can build the SDK installer. For information on building the installer, see the "Building an SDK Installer" section. Another helpful resource for building an installer is the Cookbook guide to Making an Eclipse Debug Capable Image wiki page. This wiki page focuses on development when using the Eclipse IDE.

The SDK and toolchains are self-contained and by default are installed into /opt/poky. However, when you run the SDK installer, you can choose an installation directory.

Note

You must change the permissions on the SDK installer script so that it is executable:
     $ chmod +x poky-glibc-x86_64-core-image-sato-i586-toolchain-2.2.sh
                

The following command shows how to run the installer given a toolchain tarball for a 64-bit x86 development host system and a 32-bit x86 target architecture. The example assumes the SDK installer is located in ~/Downloads/.

Note

If you do not have write permissions for the directory into which you are installing the SDK, the installer notifies you and exits. Be sure you have write permissions in the directory and run the installer again.

     $ ./poky-glibc-x86_64-core-image-sato-i586-toolchain-2.2.sh
     Poky (Yocto Project Reference Distro) SDK installer version 2.2
     ===============================================================
     Enter target directory for SDK (default: /opt/poky/2.2):
     You are about to install the SDK to "/opt/poky/2.2". Proceed[Y/n]? Y
     Extracting SDK.......................................................................done
     Setting it up...done
     SDK has been successfully set up and is ready to be used.
     Each time you wish to use the SDK in a new shell session, you need to source the environment setup script e.g.
      $ . /opt/poky/2.2/environment-setup-i586-poky-linux
            

Again, reference the "Installed Standard SDK Directory Structure" section for more details on the resulting directory structure of the installed SDK.

3.3. Running the SDK Environment Setup Script

Once you have the SDK installed, you must run the SDK environment setup script before you can actually use it. This setup script resides in the directory you chose when you installed the SDK. For information on where this setup script can reside, see the "Obtaining the SDK" Appendix.

Before running the script, be sure it is the one that matches the architecture for which you are developing. Environment setup scripts begin with the string "environment-setup" and include as part of their name the tuned target architecture. For example, the command to source a setup script for an IA-based target machine using i586 tuning and located in the default SDK installation directory is as follows:

     $ source /opt/poky/2.2/environment-setup-i586-poky-linux
            

When you run the setup script, the same environment variables are defined as are when you run the setup script for an extensible SDK. See the "Running the Extensible SDK Environment Setup Script" section for more information.

Chapter 4. Using the SDK Toolchain Directly

You can use the SDK toolchain directly with Makefile, Autotools, and Eclipse™ based projects. This chapter covers information specific to each of these types of projects.

4.1. Autotools-Based Projects

Once you have a suitable cross-toolchain installed, it is very easy to develop a project outside of the OpenEmbedded build system. This section presents a simple "Helloworld" example that shows how to set up, compile, and run the project.

4.1.1. Creating and Running a Project Based on GNU Autotools

Follow these steps to create a simple Autotools-based project:

  1. Create your directory: Create a clean directory for your project and then make that directory your working location:

         $ mkdir $HOME/helloworld
         $ cd $HOME/helloworld
                            

  2. Populate the directory: Create hello.c, Makefile.am, and configure.ac files as follows:

    • For hello.c, include these lines:

           #include <stdio.h>
      
           main()
              {
                 printf("Hello World!\n");
              }
                                      

    • For Makefile.am, include these lines:

           bin_PROGRAMS = hello
           hello_SOURCES = hello.c
                                      

    • For configure.in, include these lines:

           AC_INIT(hello,0.1)
           AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([foreign])
           AC_PROG_CC
           AC_PROG_INSTALL
           AC_OUTPUT(Makefile)
                                      

  3. Source the cross-toolchain environment setup file: As described earlier in the manual, installing the cross-toolchain creates a cross-toolchain environment setup script in the directory that the SDK was installed. Before you can use the tools to develop your project, you must source this setup script. The script begins with the string "environment-setup" and contains the machine architecture, which is followed by the string "poky-linux". Here is an example that sources a script from the default SDK installation directory that uses the 32-bit Intel x86 Architecture and the Morty Yocto Project release:

         $ source /opt/poky/2.2/environment-setup-i586-poky-linux
                            

  4. Generate the local aclocal.m4 files and create the configure script: The following GNU Autotools generate the local aclocal.m4 files and create the configure script:

         $ aclocal
         $ autoconf
                            

  5. Generate files needed by GNU coding standards: GNU coding standards require certain files in order for the project to be compliant. This command creates those files:

         $ touch NEWS README AUTHORS ChangeLog
                            

  6. Generate the configure file: This command generates the configure:

         $ automake -a
                            

  7. Cross-compile the project: This command compiles the project using the cross-compiler. The CONFIGURE_FLAGS environment variable provides the minimal arguments for GNU configure:

         $ ./configure ${CONFIGURE_FLAGS}
                            

  8. Make and install the project: These two commands generate and install the project into the destination directory:

         $ make
         $ make install DESTDIR=./tmp
                            

  9. Verify the installation: This command is a simple way to verify the installation of your project. Running the command prints the architecture on which the binary file can run. This architecture should be the same architecture that the installed cross-toolchain supports.

         $ file ./tmp/usr/local/bin/hello
                            

  10. Execute your project: To execute the project in the shell, simply enter the name. You could also copy the binary to the actual target hardware and run the project there as well:

         $ ./hello
                            

    As expected, the project displays the "Hello World!" message.

4.1.2. Passing Host Options

For an Autotools-based project, you can use the cross-toolchain by just passing the appropriate host option to configure.sh. The host option you use is derived from the name of the environment setup script found in the directory in which you installed the cross-toolchain. For example, the host option for an ARM-based target that uses the GNU EABI is armv5te-poky-linux-gnueabi. You will notice that the name of the script is environment-setup-armv5te-poky-linux-gnueabi. Thus, the following command works to update your project and rebuild it using the appropriate cross-toolchain tools:

     $ ./configure --host=armv5te-poky-linux-gnueabi \
        --with-libtool-sysroot=sysroot_dir
                

Note

If the configure script results in problems recognizing the --with-libtool-sysroot=sysroot-dir option, regenerate the script to enable the support by doing the following and then run the script again:
     $ libtoolize --automake
     $ aclocal -I ${OECORE_TARGET_SYSROOT}/usr/share/aclocal [-I dir_containing_your_project-specific_m4_macros]
     $ autoconf
     $ autoheader
     $ automake -a
                    

4.2. Makefile-Based Projects

For Makefile-based projects, the cross-toolchain environment variables established by running the cross-toolchain environment setup script are subject to general make rules.

To illustrate this, consider the following four cross-toolchain environment variables:

     CC=i586-poky-linux-gcc -m32 -march=i586 --sysroot=/opt/poky/2.2/sysroots/i586-poky-linux
     LD=i586-poky-linux-ld --sysroot=/opt/poky/2.2/sysroots/i586-poky-linux
     CFLAGS=-O2 -pipe -g -feliminate-unused-debug-types
     CXXFLAGS=-O2 -pipe -g -feliminate-unused-debug-types
            

Now, consider the following three cases:

  • Case 1 - No Variables Set in the Makefile: Because these variables are not specifically set in the Makefile, the variables retain their values based on the environment.

  • Case 2 - Variables Set in the Makefile: Specifically setting variables in the Makefile during the build results in the environment settings of the variables being overwritten.

  • Case 3 - Variables Set when the Makefile is Executed from the Command Line: Executing the Makefile from the command-line results in the variables being overwritten with command-line content regardless of what is being set in the Makefile. In this case, environment variables are not considered unless you use the "-e" flag during the build:

         $ make -e file
                        

    If you use this flag, then the environment values of the variables override any variables specifically set in the Makefile.

Note

For the list of variables set up by the cross-toolchain environment setup script, see the "Running the SDK Environment Setup Script" section.

4.3. Developing Applications Using Eclipse

If you are familiar with the popular Eclipse IDE, you can use an Eclipse Yocto Plug-in to allow you to develop, deploy, and test your application all from within Eclipse. This section describes general workflow using the SDK and Eclipse and how to configure and set up Eclipse.

4.3.1. Workflow Using Eclipse

The following figure and supporting list summarize the application development general workflow that employs both the SDK Eclipse.

  1. Prepare the host system for the Yocto Project: See "Supported Linux Distributions" and "Required Packages for the Host Development System" sections both in the Yocto Project Reference Manual for requirements. In particular, be sure your host system has the xterm package installed.

  2. Secure the Yocto Project kernel target image: You must have a target kernel image that has been built using the OpenEmbedded build system.

    Depending on whether the Yocto Project has a pre-built image that matches your target architecture and where you are going to run the image while you develop your application (QEMU or real hardware), the area from which you get the image differs.

    • Download the image from machines if your target architecture is supported and you are going to develop and test your application on actual hardware.

    • Download the image from machines/qemu if your target architecture is supported and you are going to develop and test your application using the QEMU emulator.

    • Build your image if you cannot find a pre-built image that matches your target architecture. If your target architecture is similar to a supported architecture, you can modify the kernel image before you build it. See the "Patching the Kernel" section in the Yocto Project Development manual for an example.

  3. Install the SDK: The SDK provides a target-specific cross-development toolchain, the root filesystem, the QEMU emulator, and other tools that can help you develop your application. For information on how to install the SDK, see the "Installing the SDK" section.

  4. Secure the target root filesystem and the Cross-development toolchain: You need to find and download the appropriate root filesystem and the cross-development toolchain.

    You can find the tarballs for the root filesystem in the same area used for the kernel image. Depending on the type of image you are running, the root filesystem you need differs. For example, if you are developing an application that runs on an image that supports Sato, you need to get a root filesystem that supports Sato.

    You can find the cross-development toolchains at toolchains. Be sure to get the correct toolchain for your development host and your target architecture. See the "Locating Pre-Built SDK Installers" section for information and the "Installing the SDK" section for installation information.

    Note

    As an alternative to downloading an SDK, you can build the SDK installer. For information on building the installer, see the "Building an SDK Installer" section. Another helpful resource for building an installer is the Cookbook guide to Making an Eclipse Debug Capable Image wiki page.

  5. Create and build your application: At this point, you need to have source files for your application. Once you have the files, you can use the Eclipse IDE to import them and build the project. If you are not using Eclipse, you need to use the cross-development tools you have installed to create the image.

  6. Deploy the image with the application: Using the Eclipse IDE, you can deploy your image to the hardware or to QEMU through the project's preferences. You can also use Eclipse to load and test your image under QEMU. See the "Using the Quick EMUlator (QEMU)" chapter in the Yocto Project Development Manual for information on using QEMU.

  7. Test and debug the application: Once your application is deployed, you need to test it. Within the Eclipse IDE, you can use the debugging environment along with supported performance enhancing Linux Tools.

4.3.2. Working Within Eclipse

The Eclipse IDE is a popular development environment and it fully supports development using the Yocto Project.

When you install and configure the Eclipse Yocto Project Plug-in into the Eclipse IDE, you maximize your Yocto Project experience. Installing and configuring the Plug-in results in an environment that has extensions specifically designed to let you more easily develop software. These extensions allow for cross-compilation, deployment, and execution of your output into a QEMU emulation session as well as actual target hardware. You can also perform cross-debugging and profiling. The environment also supports performance enhancing tools that allow you to perform remote profiling, tracing, collection of power data, collection of latency data, and collection of performance data.

Note

This release of the Yocto Project supports both the Neon and Mars versions of the Eclipse IDE. This section provides information on how to use the Neon release with the Yocto Project. For information on how to use the Mars version of Eclipse with the Yocto Project, see "Appendix C.

4.3.2.1. Setting Up the Neon Version of the Eclipse IDE

To develop within the Eclipse IDE, you need to do the following:

  1. Install the Neon version of the Eclipse IDE.

  2. Configure the Eclipse IDE.

  3. Install the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in.

  4. Configure the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in.

Note

Do not install Eclipse from your distribution's package repository. Be sure to install Eclipse from the official Eclipse download site as directed in the next section.

4.3.2.1.1. Installing the Neon Eclipse IDE

Follow these steps to locate, install, and configure Neon Eclipse:

  1. Locate the Neon Download: Open a browser and go to http://www.eclipse.org/neon/.

  2. Download the Tarball: Click through the "Download" buttons to download the file.

  3. Unpack the Tarball: Move to a clean directory and unpack the tarball. Here is an example:

         $ cd ~
         $ tar -xzvf ~/Downloads/eclipse-inst-linux64.tar.gz
                                    

    Everything unpacks into a folder named "eclipse-installer".

  4. Launch the Installer: Use the following commands to launch the installer:

         $ cd ~/eclipse-installer
         $ ./eclipse-inst
                                    

  5. Select Your IDE: From the list, select the "Eclipse IDE for C/C++ Developers".

  6. Install the Software: Accept the default "cpp-neon" directory and click "Install". Accept any license agreements and approve any certificates.

  7. Launch Neon: Click the "Launch" button and accept the default "workspace".

4.3.2.1.2. Configuring the Neon Eclipse IDE

Follow these steps to configure the Neon Eclipse IDE.

Note

Depending on how you installed Eclipse and what you have already done, some of the options will not appear. If you cannot find an option as directed by the manual, it has already been installed.

  1. Be sure Eclipse is running and you are in your workbench.

  2. Select "Install New Software" from the "Help" pull-down menu.

  3. Select "Neon - http://download.eclipse.org/releases/neon" from the "Work with:" pull-down menu.

  4. Expand the box next to "Linux Tools" and select the following:

         C/C++ Remote (Over TCF/TE) Run/Debug Launcher
         TM Terminal
                                    

  5. Expand the box next to "Mobile and Device Development" and select the following boxes:

         C/C++ Remote (Over TCF/TE) Run/Debug Launcher
         Remote System Explorer User Actions
         TM Terminal
         TCF Remote System Explorer add-in
         TCF Target Explorer
                                    

  6. Expand the box next to "Programming Languages" and select the following box:

         C/C++ Development Tools SDK
                                    

  7. Complete the installation by clicking through appropriate "Next" and "Finish" buttons.

4.3.2.1.3. Installing or Accessing the Neon Eclipse Yocto Plug-in

You can install the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in into the Eclipse IDE one of two ways: use the Yocto Project's Eclipse Update site to install the pre-built plug-in or build and install the plug-in from the latest source code.

4.3.2.1.3.1. Installing the Pre-built Plug-in from the Yocto Project Eclipse Update Site

To install the Neon Eclipse Yocto Plug-in from the update site, follow these steps:

  1. Start up the Eclipse IDE.

  2. In Eclipse, select "Install New Software" from the "Help" menu.

  3. Click "Add..." in the "Work with:" area.

  4. Enter http://downloads.yoctoproject.org/releases/eclipse-plugin/2.2/neon in the URL field and provide a meaningful name in the "Name" field.

  5. Click "OK" to have the entry added to the "Work with:" drop-down list.

  6. Select the entry for the plug-in from the "Work with:" drop-down list.

  7. Check the boxes next to the following:

         Yocto Project SDK Plug-in
         Yocto Project Documentation plug-in
                                        

  8. Complete the remaining software installation steps and then restart the Eclipse IDE to finish the installation of the plug-in.

    Note

    You can click "OK" when prompted about installing software that contains unsigned content.

4.3.2.1.3.2. Installing the Plug-in Using the Latest Source Code

To install the Neon Eclipse Yocto Plug-in from the latest source code, follow these steps:

  1. Be sure your development system has JDK 1.8+

  2. Install X11-related packages:

         $ sudo apt-get install xauth
                                        

  3. In a new terminal shell, create a Git repository with:

         $ cd ~
         $ git clone git://git.yoctoproject.org/eclipse-poky
                                        

  4. Use Git to create the correct tag:

         $ cd ~/eclipse-poky
         $ git checkout neon/yocto-2.2
                                        

    This creates a local tag named neon/yocto-2.2 based on the branch origin/neon-master. You are put into a detached HEAD state, which is fine since you are only going to be building and not developing.

  5. Change to the scripts directory within the Git repository:

         $ cd scripts
                                        

  6. Set up the local build environment by running the setup script:

         $ ./setup.sh
                                        

    When the script finishes execution, it prompts you with instructions on how to run the build.sh script, which is also in the scripts directory of the Git repository created earlier.

  7. Run the build.sh script as directed. Be sure to provide the tag name, documentation branch, and a release name.

    Following is an example:

         $ ECLIPSE_HOME=/home/scottrif/eclipse-poky/scripts/eclipse ./build.sh -l neon/yocto-2.2 master yocto-2.2 2>&1 | tee build.log
                                        

    The previous example command adds the tag you need for mars/yocto-2.2 to HEAD, then tells the build script to use the local (-l) Git checkout for the build. After running the script, the file org.yocto.sdk-release-date-archive.zip is in the current directory.

  8. If necessary, start the Eclipse IDE and be sure you are in the Workbench.

  9. Select "Install New Software" from the "Help" pull-down menu.

  10. Click "Add".

  11. Provide anything you want in the "Name" field.

  12. Click "Archive" and browse to the ZIP file you built earlier. This ZIP file should not be "unzipped", and must be the *archive.zip file created by running the build.sh script.

  13. Click the "OK" button.

  14. Check the boxes that appear in the installation window to install the following:

         Yocto Project SDK Plug-in
         Yocto Project Documentation plug-in
                                        

  15. Finish the installation by clicking through the appropriate buttons. You can click "OK" when prompted about installing software that contains unsigned content.

  16. Restart the Eclipse IDE if necessary.

At this point you should be able to configure the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in as described in the "Configuring the Neon Eclipse Yocto Plug-in" section.

4.3.2.1.4. Configuring the Neon Eclipse Yocto Plug-in

Configuring the Neon Eclipse Yocto Plug-in involves setting the Cross Compiler options and the Target options. The configurations you choose become the default settings for all projects. You do have opportunities to change them later when you configure the project (see the following section).

To start, you need to do the following from within the Eclipse IDE:

  • Choose "Preferences" from the "Window" menu to display the Preferences Dialog.

  • Click "Yocto Project SDK" to display the configuration screen.

The following sub-sections describe how to configure the plug-in.

Note

Throughout the descriptions, a start-to-finish example for preparing a QEMU image for use with Eclipse is referenced as the "wiki" and is linked to the example on the Cookbook guide to Making an Eclipse Debug Capable Image wiki page.

4.3.2.1.4.1. Configuring the Cross-Compiler Options

Cross Compiler options enable Eclipse to use your specific cross compiler toolchain. To configure these options, you must select the type of toolchain, point to the toolchain, specify the sysroot location, and select the target architecture.

  • Selecting the Toolchain Type: Choose between Standalone pre-built toolchain and Build system derived toolchain for Cross Compiler Options.

    • Standalone Pre-built Toolchain: Select this type when you are using a stand-alone cross-toolchain. For example, suppose you are an application developer and do not need to build a target image. Instead, you just want to use an architecture-specific toolchain on an existing kernel and target root filesystem. In other words, you have downloaded and installed a pre-built toolchain for an existing image.

    • Build System Derived Toolchain: Select this type if you built the toolchain as part of the Build Directory. When you select Build system derived toolchain, you are using the toolchain built and bundled inside the Build Directory. For example, suppose you created a suitable image using the steps in the wiki. In this situation, you would select the Build system derived toolchain.

  • Specify the Toolchain Root Location: If you are using a stand-alone pre-built toolchain, you should be pointing to where it is installed (e.g. /opt/poky/2.2). See the "Installing the SDK" section for information about how the SDK is installed.

    If you are using a build system derived toolchain, the path you provide for the Toolchain Root Location field is the Build Directory from which you run the bitbake command (e.g /home/scottrif/poky/build).

    For more information, see the "Building an SDK Installer" section.

  • Specify Sysroot Location: This location is where the root filesystem for the target hardware resides.

    This location depends on where you separately extracted and installed the target filesystem. As an example, suppose you prepared an image using the steps in the wiki. If so, the MY_QEMU_ROOTFS directory is found in the Build Directory and you would browse to and select that directory (e.g. /home/scottrif/poky/build/MY_QEMU_ROOTFS).

    For more information on how to install the toolchain and on how to extract and install the sysroot filesystem, see the "Building an SDK Installer" section.

  • Select the Target Architecture: The target architecture is the type of hardware you are going to use or emulate. Use the pull-down Target Architecture menu to make your selection. The pull-down menu should have the supported architectures. If the architecture you need is not listed in the menu, you will need to build the image. See the "Building Images" section of the Yocto Project Quick Start for more information. You can also see the wiki.

4.3.2.1.4.2. Configuring the Target Options

You can choose to emulate hardware using the QEMU emulator, or you can choose to run your image on actual hardware.

  • QEMU: Select this option if you will be using the QEMU emulator. If you are using the emulator, you also need to locate the kernel and specify any custom options.

    If you selected the Build system derived toolchain, the target kernel you built will be located in the Build Directory in tmp/deploy/images/machine directory. As an example, suppose you performed the steps in the wiki. In this case, you specify your Build Directory path followed by the image (e.g. /home/scottrif/poky/build/tmp/deploy/images/qemux86/bzImage-qemux86.bin).

    If you selected the standalone pre-built toolchain, the pre-built image you downloaded is located in the directory you specified when you downloaded the image.

    Most custom options are for advanced QEMU users to further customize their QEMU instance. These options are specified between paired angled brackets. Some options must be specified outside the brackets. In particular, the options serial, nographic, and kvm must all be outside the brackets. Use the man qemu command to get help on all the options and their use. The following is an example:

        serial ‘<-m 256 -full-screen>’
                                        

    Regardless of the mode, Sysroot is already defined as part of the Cross-Compiler Options configuration in the Sysroot Location: field.

  • External HW: Select this option if you will be using actual hardware.

Click the "Apply" and "OK" to save your plug-in configurations.

4.3.2.2. Creating the Project

You can create two types of projects: Autotools-based, or Makefile-based. This section describes how to create Autotools-based projects from within the Eclipse IDE. For information on creating Makefile-based projects in a terminal window, see the "Makefile-Based Projects" section.

Note

Do not use special characters in project names (e.g. spaces, underscores, etc.). Doing so can cause configuration to fail.

To create a project based on a Yocto template and then display the source code, follow these steps:

  1. Select "C Project" from the "File -> New" menu.

  2. Expand Yocto Project SDK Autotools Project.

  3. Select Hello World ANSI C Autotools Projects. This is an Autotools-based project based on a Yocto template.

  4. Put a name in the Project name: field. Do not use hyphens as part of the name (e.g. hello).

  5. Click "Next".

  6. Add appropriate information in the various fields.

  7. Click "Finish".

  8. If the "open perspective" prompt appears, click "Yes" so that you in the C/C++ perspective.

  9. The left-hand navigation pane shows your project. You can display your source by double clicking the project's source file.

4.3.2.3. Configuring the Cross-Toolchains

The earlier section, "Configuring the Neon Eclipse Yocto Plug-in", sets up the default project configurations. You can override these settings for a given project by following these steps:

  1. Select "Yocto Project Settings" from the "Project -> Properties" menu. This selection brings up the Yocto Project Settings Dialog and allows you to make changes specific to an individual project.

    By default, the Cross Compiler Options and Target Options for a project are inherited from settings you provided using the Preferences Dialog as described earlier in the "Configuring the Neon Eclipse Yocto Plug-in" section. The Yocto Project Settings Dialog allows you to override those default settings for a given project.

  2. Make or verify your configurations for the project and click "OK".

  3. Right-click in the navigation pane and select "Reconfigure Project" from the pop-up menu. This selection reconfigures the project by running autogen.sh in the workspace for your project. The script also runs libtoolize, aclocal, autoconf, autoheader, automake --a, and ./configure. Click on the "Console" tab beneath your source code to see the results of reconfiguring your project.

4.3.2.4. Building the Project

To build the project select "Build All" from the "Project" menu. The console should update and you can note the cross-compiler you are using.

Note

When building "Yocto Project SDK Autotools" projects, the Eclipse IDE might display error messages for Functions/Symbols/Types that cannot be "resolved", even when the related include file is listed at the project navigator and when the project is able to build. For these cases only, it is recommended to add a new linked folder to the appropriate sysroot. Use these steps to add the linked folder:
  1. Select the project.

  2. Select "Folder" from the File > New menu.

  3. In the "New Folder" Dialog, select "Link to alternate location (linked folder)".

  4. Click "Browse" to navigate to the include folder inside the same sysroot location selected in the Yocto Project configuration preferences.

  5. Click "OK".

  6. Click "Finish" to save the linked folder.

4.3.2.5. Starting QEMU in User-Space NFS Mode

To start the QEMU emulator from within Eclipse, follow these steps:

Note

See the "Using the Quick EMUlator (QEMU)" chapter in the Yocto Project Development Manual for more information on using QEMU.

  1. Expose and select "External Tools Configurations ..." from the "Run -> External Tools" menu.

  2. Locate and select your image in the navigation panel to the left (e.g. qemu_i586-poky-linux).

  3. Click "Run" to launch QEMU.

    Note

    The host on which you are running QEMU must have the rpcbind utility running to be able to make RPC calls on a server on that machine. If QEMU does not invoke and you receive error messages involving rpcbind, follow the suggestions to get the service running. As an example, on a new Ubuntu 16.04 LTS installation, you must do the following in order to get QEMU to launch:
         $ sudo apt-get install rpcbind
                                    
    After installing rpcbind, you need to edit the /etc/init.d/rpcbind file to include the following line:
         OPTIONS="-i -w"
                                    
    After modifying the file, you need to start the service:
         $ sudo service portmap restart
                                    

  4. If needed, enter your host root password in the shell window at the prompt. This sets up a Tap 0 connection needed for running in user-space NFS mode.

  5. Wait for QEMU to launch.

  6. Once QEMU launches, you can begin operating within that environment. One useful task at this point would be to determine the IP Address for the user-space NFS by using the ifconfig command. The IP address of the QEMU machine appears in the xterm window. You can use this address to help you see which particular IP address the instance of QEMU is using.

4.3.2.6. Deploying and Debugging the Application

Once the QEMU emulator is running the image, you can deploy your application using the Eclipse IDE and then use the emulator to perform debugging. Follow these steps to deploy the application.

Note

Currently, Eclipse does not support SSH port forwarding. Consequently, if you need to run or debug a remote application using the host display, you must create a tunneling connection from outside Eclipse and keep that connection alive during your work. For example, in a new terminal, run the following:
     $ ssh -XY user_name@remote_host_ip
                        
Using the above form, here is an example:
     $ ssh -XY root@192.168.7.2
                        
After running the command, add the command to be executed in Eclipse's run configuration before the application as follows:
     export DISPLAY=:10.0
                        
Be sure to not destroy the connection during your QEMU session (i.e. do not exit out of or close that shell).

  1. Select "Debug Configurations..." from the "Run" menu.

  2. In the left area, expand C/C++Remote Application.

  3. Locate your project and select it to bring up a new tabbed view in the Debug Configurations Dialog.

  4. Click on the "Debugger" tab to see the cross-tool debugger you are using. Be sure to change to the debugger perspective in Eclipse.

  5. Click on the "Main" tab.

  6. Create a new connection to the QEMU instance by clicking on "new".

  7. Select SSH, which means Secure Socket Shell and then click "OK". Optionally, you can select an TCF connection instead.

  8. Clear out the "Connection name" field and enter any name you want for the connection.

  9. Put the IP address for the connection in the "Host" field. For QEMU, the default is 192.168.7.2. However, if a previous QEMU session did not exit cleanly, the IP address increments (e.g. 192.168.7.3).

    Note

    You can find the IP address for the current QEMU session by looking in the xterm that opens when you launch QEMU.

  10. Enter root, which is the default for QEMU, for the "User" field. Be sure to leave the password field empty.

  11. Click "Finish" to close the New Connections Dialog.

  12. If necessary, use the drop-down menu now in the "Connection" field and pick the IP Address you entered.

  13. Assuming you are connecting as the root user, which is the default for QEMU x86-64 SDK images provided by the Yocto Project, in the "Remote Absolute File Path for C/C++ Application" field, browse to /home/root/ProjectName (e.g. /home/root/hello). You could also browse to any other path you have write access to on the target such as /usr/bin. This location is where your application will be located on the QEMU system. If you fail to browse to and specify an appropriate location, QEMU will not understand what to remotely launch. Eclipse is helpful in that it auto fills your application name for you assuming you browsed to a directory.

    Note

    If you are prompted to provide a username and to optionally set a password, be sure you provide "root" as the username and you leave the password field blank.

  14. Be sure you change to the "Debug" perspective in Eclipse.

  15. Click "Debug"

  16. Accept the debug perspective.

4.3.2.7. Using Linuxtools

As mentioned earlier in the manual, performance tools exist (Linuxtools) that enhance your development experience. These tools are aids in developing and debugging applications and images. You can run these tools from within the Eclipse IDE through the "Linuxtools" menu.

For information on how to configure and use these tools, see http://www.eclipse.org/linuxtools/.

Appendix A. Obtaining the SDK

A.1. Locating Pre-Built SDK Installers

You can use existing, pre-built toolchains by locating and running an SDK installer script that ships with the Yocto Project. Using this method, you select and download an architecture-specific SDK installer and then run the script to hand-install the toolchain.

You can find SDK installers here:

  • Standard SDK Installers: Go to http://downloads.yoctoproject.org/releases/yocto/yocto-2.2/toolchain/ and find the folder that matches your host development system (i.e. i686 for 32-bit machines or x86_64 for 64-bit machines).

    Go into that folder and download the SDK installer whose name includes the appropriate target architecture. The toolchains provided by the Yocto Project are based off of the core-image-sato image and contain libraries appropriate for developing against that image. For example, if your host development system is a 64-bit x86 system and you are going to use your cross-toolchain for a 32-bit x86 target, go into the x86_64 folder and download the following installer:

         poky-glibc-x86_64-core-image-sato-i586-toolchain-2.2.sh
                    

  • Extensible SDK Installers: Installers for the extensible SDK are also located in http://downloads.yoctoproject.org/releases/yocto/yocto-2.2/toolchain/. These installers have the string ext as part of their names:

         poky-glibc-x86_64-core-image-sato-core2-64-toolchain-ext-2.2.sh
                    

A.2. Building an SDK Installer

As an alternative to locating and downloading a SDK installer, you can build the SDK installer assuming you have first sourced the environment setup script. See the "Building Images" section in the Yocto Project Quick Start for steps that show you how to set up the Yocto Project environment. In particular, you need to be sure the MACHINE variable matches the architecture for which you are building and that the SDKMACHINE variable is correctly set if you are building a toolchain designed to run on an architecture that differs from your current development host machine (i.e. the build machine).

To build the SDK installer for a standard SDK and populate the SDK image, use the following command:

     $ bitbake image -c populate_sdk
        

You can do the same for the extensible SDK using this command:

     $ bitbake image -c populate_sdk_ext
        

These commands result in a SDK installer that contains the sysroot that matches your target root filesystem.

When the bitbake command completes, the SDK installer will be in tmp/deploy/sdk in the Build Directory.

Notes

  • By default, this toolchain does not build static binaries. If you want to use the toolchain to build these types of libraries, you need to be sure your image has the appropriate static development libraries. Use the IMAGE_INSTALL variable inside your local.conf file to install the appropriate library packages. Following is an example using glibc static development libraries:

         IMAGE_INSTALL_append = " glibc-staticdev"
                        

  • For additional information on building the installer, see the Cookbook guide to Making an Eclipse Debug Capable Image wiki page.

A.3. Extracting the Root Filesystem

After installing the toolchain, for some use cases you might need to separately extract a root filesystem:

  • You want to boot the image using NFS.

  • You want to use the root filesystem as the target sysroot. For example, the Eclipse IDE environment with the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in installed allows you to use QEMU to boot under NFS.

  • You want to develop your target application using the root filesystem as the target sysroot.

To extract the root filesystem, first source the cross-development environment setup script to establish necessary environment variables. If you built the toolchain in the Build Directory, you will find the toolchain environment script in the tmp directory. If you installed the toolchain by hand, the environment setup script is located in /opt/poky/2.2.

After sourcing the environment script, use the runqemu-extract-sdk command and provide the filesystem image.

Following is an example. The second command sets up the environment. In this case, the setup script is located in the /opt/poky/2.2 directory. The third command extracts the root filesystem from a previously built filesystem that is located in the ~/Downloads directory. Furthermore, this command extracts the root filesystem into the qemux86-sato directory:

     $ cd ~
     $ source /opt/poky/2.2/environment-setup-i586-poky-linux
     $ runqemu-extract-sdk \
        ~/Downloads/core-image-sato-sdk-qemux86-2011091411831.rootfs.tar.bz2 \
        $HOME/qemux86-sato
        

You could now point to the target sysroot at qemux86-sato.

A.4. Installed Standard SDK Directory Structure

The following figure shows the resulting directory structure after you install the Standard SDK by running the *.sh SDK installation script:

The installed SDK consists of an environment setup script for the SDK, a configuration file for the target, a version file for the target, and the root filesystem (sysroots) needed to develop objects for the target system.

Within the figure, italicized text is used to indicate replaceable portions of the file or directory name. For example, install_dir/version is the directory where the SDK is installed. By default, this directory is /opt/poky/. And, version represents the specific snapshot of the SDK (e.g. 2.2). Furthermore, target represents the target architecture (e.g. i586) and host represents the development system's architecture (e.g. x86_64). Thus, the complete names of the two directories within the sysroots could be i586-poky-linux and x86_64-pokysdk-linux for the target and host, respectively.

A.5. Installed Extensible SDK Directory Structure

The following figure shows the resulting directory structure after you install the Extensible SDK by running the *.sh SDK installation script:

The installed directory structure for the extensible SDK is quite different than the installed structure for the standard SDK. The extensible SDK does not separate host and target parts in the same manner as does the standard SDK. The extensible SDK uses an embedded copy of the OpenEmbedded build system, which has its own sysroots.

Of note in the directory structure are an environment setup script for the SDK, a configuration file for the target, a version file for the target, and a log file for the OpenEmbedded build system preparation script run by the installer.

Within the figure, italicized text is used to indicate replaceable portions of the file or directory name. For example, install_dir is the directory where the SDK is installed, which is poky_sdk by default. target represents the target architecture (e.g. i586) and host represents the development system's architecture (e.g. x86_64).

Appendix B. Customizing the Extensible SDK

This appendix presents customizations you can apply to the extensible SDK.

B.1. Configuring the Extensible SDK

The extensible SDK primarily consists of a pre-configured copy of the OpenEmbedded build system from which it was produced. Thus, the SDK's configuration is derived using that build system and the following filters, which the OpenEmbedded build system applies against local.conf and auto.conf if they are present:

  • Variables whose values start with "/" are excluded since the assumption is that those values are paths that are likely to be specific to the build host.

  • Variables listed in SDK_LOCAL_CONF_BLACKLIST are excluded. The default value blacklists CONF_VERSION, BB_NUMBER_THREADS, PARALLEL_MAKE, PRSERV_HOST, and SSTATE_MIRRORS.

  • Variables listed in SDK_LOCAL_CONF_WHITELIST are included. Including a variable in the value of SDK_LOCAL_CONF_WHITELIST overrides either of the above two conditions. The default value is blank.

  • Classes inherited globally with INHERIT that are listed in SDK_INHERIT_BLACKLIST are disabled. Using SDK_INHERIT_BLACKLIST to disable these classes is is the typical method to disable classes that are problematic or unnecessary in the SDK context. The default value blacklists the buildhistory and icecc classes.

Additionally, the contents of conf/sdk-extra.conf, when present, are appended to the end of conf/local.conf within the produced SDK, without any filtering. The sdk-extra.conf file is particularly useful if you want to set a variable value just for the SDK and not the OpenEmbedded build system used to create the SDK.

B.2. Adjusting the Extensible SDK to Suit Your Build System Setup

In most cases, the extensible SDK defaults should work. However, some cases exist for which you might consider making adjustments:

  • If your SDK configuration inherits additional classes using the INHERIT variable and you do not need or want those classes enabled in the SDK, you can blacklist them by adding them to the SDK_INHERIT_BLACKLIST variable. The default value of SDK_INHERIT_BLACKLIST is set using the "?=" operator. Consequently, you will need to either set the complete value using "=" or append the value using "_append".

  • If you have classes or recipes that add additional tasks to the standard build flow (i.e. that execute as part of building the recipe as opposed to needing to be called explicitly), then you need to do one of the following:

    • Ensure the tasks are shared state tasks (i.e. their output is saved to and can be restored from the shared state cache), or that the tasks are able to be produced quickly from a task that is a shared state task and add the task name to the value of SDK_RECRDEP_TASKS.

    • Disable the tasks if they are added by a class and you do not need the functionality the class provides in the extensible SDK. To disable the tasks, add the class to SDK_INHERIT_BLACKLIST as previously described.

  • Generally, you want to have a shared state mirror set up so users of the SDK can add additional items to the SDK after installation without needing to build the items from source. See the "Providing Additional Installable Extensible SDK Content" section for information.

  • If you want users of the SDK to be able to easily update the SDK, you need to set the SDK_UPDATE_URL variable. For more information, see the "Providing Updates After Installing the Extensible SDK" section.

  • If you have adjusted the list of files and directories that appear in COREBASE (other than layers that are enabled through bblayers.conf), then you must list these files in COREBASE_FILES so that the files are copied into the SDK.

  • If your OpenEmbedded build system setup uses a different environment setup script other than oe-init-build-env or oe-init-build-env-memres, then you must set OE_INIT_ENV_SCRIPT to point to the environment setup script you use.

    Note

    You must also reflect this change in the value used for the COREBASE_FILES variable as previously described.

B.3. Changing the Appearance of the Extensible SDK

You can change the title shown by the SDK installer by setting the SDK_TITLE variable. By default, this title is derived from DISTRO_NAME when it is set. If the DISTRO_NAME variable is not set, the title is derived from the DISTRO variable.

B.4. Providing Updates After Installing the Extensible SDK

When you make changes to your configuration or to the metadata and if you want those changes to be reflected in installed SDKs, you need to perform additional steps to make it possible for those that use the SDK to update their installations with the devtool sdk-update command:

  1. Arrange to be created a directory that can be shared over HTTP or HTTPS.

  2. Set the SDK_UPDATE_URL variable to point to the corresponding HTTP or HTTPS URL. Setting this variable causes any SDK built to default to that URL and thus, the user does not have to pass the URL to the devtool sdk-update command.

  3. Build the extensible SDK normally (i.e., use the bitbake -c populate_sdk_ext imagename command).

  4. Publish the SDK using the following command:

         $ oe-publish-sdk some_path/sdk-installer.sh path_to_shared/http_directory
                    

    You must repeat this step each time you rebuild the SDK with changes that you want to make available through the update mechanism.

Completing the above steps allows users of the existing SDKs to simply run devtool sdk-update to retrieve the latest updates. See the "Updating the Extensible SDK" section for further information.

B.5. Providing Additional Installable Extensible SDK Content

If you want the users of the extensible SDK you are building to be able to add items to the SDK without needing to build the items from source, you need to do a number of things:

  1. Ensure the additional items you want the user to be able to install are actually built. You can ensure these items are built a number of different ways: 1) Build them explicitly, perhaps using one or more "meta" recipes that depend on lists of other recipes to keep things tidy, or 2) Build the "world" target and set EXCLUDE_FROM_WORLD_pn-recipename for the recipes you do not want built. See the EXCLUDE_FROM_WORLD variable for additional information.

  2. Expose the sstate-cache directory produced by the build. Typically, you expose this directory over HTTP or HTTPS.

  3. Set the appropriate configuration so that the produced SDK knows how to find the configuration. The variable you need to set is SSTATE_MIRRORS:

         SSTATE_MIRRORS = "file://.*  http://example.com/some_path/sstate-cache/PATH"
                    

    You can set the SSTATE_MIRRORS variable in two different places:

    • If the mirror value you are setting is appropriate to be set for both the OpenEmbedded build system that is actually building the SDK and the SDK itself (i.e. the mirror is accessible in both places or it will fail quickly on the OpenEmbedded build system side, and its contents will not interfere with the build), then you can set the variable in your local.conf or custom distro configuration file. You can then "whitelist" the variable through to the SDK by adding the following:

           SDK_LOCAL_CONF_WHITELIST = "SSTATE_MIRRORS"
                              

    • Alternatively, if you just want to set the SSTATE_MIRRORS variable's value for the SDK alone, create a conf/sdk-extra.conf either in your Build Directory or within any layer and put your SSTATE_MIRRORS setting within that file.

      Note

      This second option is the safest option should you have any doubts as to which method to use when setting SSTATE_MIRRORS.

B.6. Minimizing the Size of the Extensible SDK Installer Download

By default, the extensible SDK bundles the shared state artifacts for everything needed to reconstruct the image for which the SDK was built. This bundling can lead to an SDK installer file that is a Gigabyte or more in size. If the size of this file causes a problem, you can build an SDK that has just enough in it to install and provide access to the devtool command by setting the following in your configuration:

     SDK_EXT_TYPE = "minimal"
        

Setting SDK_EXT_TYPE to "minimal" produces an SDK installer that is around 35 Mbytes in size, which downloads and installs quickly. You need to realize, though, that the minimal installer does not install any libraries or tools out of the box. These must be installed either "on the fly" or through actions you perform using devtool or explicitly with the devtool sdk-install command.

In most cases, when building a minimal SDK you will need to also enable bringing in the information on a wider range of packages produced by the system. This is particularly true so that devtool add is able to effectively map dependencies it discovers in a source tree to the appropriate recipes. Also so that the devtool search command is able to return useful results.

To facilitate this wider range of information, you would additionally set the following:

     SDK_INCLUDE_PKGDATA = "1"
        

See the SDK_INCLUDE_PKGDATA variable for additional information.

Setting the SDK_INCLUDE_PKGDATA variable as shown causes the "world" target to be built so that information for all of the recipes included within it are available. Having these recipes available increases build time significantly and increases the size of the SDK installer by 30-80 Mbytes depending on how many recipes are included in your configuration.

You can use EXCLUDE_FROM_WORLD_pn-recipename for recipes you want to exclude. However, it is assumed that you would need to be building the "world" target if you want to provide additional items to the SDK. Consequently, building for "world" should not represent undue overhead in most cases.

Note

If you set SDK_EXT_TYPE to "minimal", then providing a shared state mirror is mandatory so that items can be installed as needed. See the "Providing Additional Installable Extensible SDK Content" section for more information.

You can explicitly control whether or not to include the toolchain when you build an SDK by setting the SDK_INCLUDE_TOOLCHAIN variable to "1". In particular, it is useful to include the toolchain when you have set SDK_EXT_TYPE to "minimal", which by default, excludes the toolchain. Also, it is helpful if you are building a small SDK for use with an IDE, such as Eclipse, or some other tool where you do not want to take extra steps to install a toolchain.

Appendix C. Customizing the Standard SDK

This appendix presents customizations you can apply to the standard SDK.

C.1. Adding Individual Packages to the Standard SDK

When you build a standard SDK using the bitbake -c populate_sdk, a default set of packages is included in the resulting SDK. The TOOLCHAIN_HOST_TASK and TOOLCHAIN_TARGET_TASK variables control the set of packages adding to the SDK.

If you want to add individual packages to the toolchain that runs on the host, simply add those packages to the TOOLCHAIN_HOST_TASK variable. Similarly, if you want to add packages to the default set that is part of the toolchain that runs on the target, add the packages to the TOOLCHAIN_TARGET_TASK variable.

C.2. Adding API Documentation to the Standard SDK

You can include API documentation as well as any other documentation provided by recipes with the standard SDK by adding "api-documentation" to the DISTRO_FEATURES variable:

     DISTRO_FEATURES_append = " api-documentation"
        

Setting this variable as shown here causes the OpenEmbedded build system to build the documentation and then include it in the standard SDK.

Appendix D. Using Eclipse Mars

This release of the Yocto Project supports both the Neon and Mars versions of the Eclipse IDE. This appendix presents information that describes how to obtain and configure the Mars version of Eclipse. It also provides a basic project example that you can work through from start to finish. For general information on using the Eclipse IDE and the Yocto Project Eclipse Plug-In, see the "Developing Applications Using Eclipse" section.

D.1. Setting Up the Mars Version of the Eclipse IDE

To develop within the Eclipse IDE, you need to do the following:

  1. Install the Mars version of the Eclipse IDE.

  2. Configure the Eclipse IDE.

  3. Install the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in.

  4. Configure the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in.

Note

Do not install Eclipse from your distribution's package repository. Be sure to install Eclipse from the official Eclipse download site as directed in the next section.

D.1.1. Installing the Mars Eclipse IDE

Follow these steps to locate, install, and configure Mars Eclipse:

  1. Locate the Mars Download: Open a browser and go to http://www.eclipse.org/mars/.

  2. Download the Tarball: Click the "Download" button and then use the "Linux for Eclipse IDE for C++ Developers" appropriate for your development system (e.g. 64-bit under Linux for Eclipse IDE for C++ Developers if your development system is a Linux 64-bit machine.

  3. Unpack the Tarball: Move to a clean directory and unpack the tarball. Here is an example:

         $ cd ~
         $ tar -xzvf ~/Downloads/eclipse-cpp-mars-2-linux-gtk-x86_64.tar.gz
                            

    Everything unpacks into a folder named "Eclipse".

  4. Launch Eclipse: Double click the "Eclipse" file in the folder to launch Eclipse.

D.1.2. Configuring the Mars Eclipse IDE

Follow these steps to configure the Mars Eclipse IDE.

Note

Depending on how you installed Eclipse and what you have already done, some of the options will not appear. If you cannot find an option as directed by the manual, it has already been installed.

  1. Be sure Eclipse is running and you are in your workbench.

  2. Select "Install New Software" from the "Help" pull-down menu.

  3. Select "Mars - http://download.eclipse.org/releases/mars" from the "Work with:" pull-down menu.

  4. Expand the box next to "Linux Tools" and select "C/C++ Remote (Over TCF/TE) Run/Debug Launcher" and "TM Terminal".

  5. Expand the box next to "Mobile and Device Development" and select the following boxes:

         C/C++ Remote (Over TCF/TE) Run/Debug Launcher
         Remote System Explorer User Actions
         TM Terminal
         TCF Remote System Explorer add-in
         TCF Target Explorer
                            

  6. Expand the box next to "Programming Languages" and select the following boxes:

         C/C++ Autotools Support
         C/C++ Development Tools SDK
                            

  7. Complete the installation by clicking through appropriate "Next" and "Finish" buttons.

D.1.3. Installing or Accessing the Mars Eclipse Yocto Plug-in

You can install the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in into the Eclipse IDE one of two ways: use the Yocto Project's Eclipse Update site to install the pre-built plug-in or build and install the plug-in from the latest source code.

D.1.3.1. Installing the Pre-built Plug-in from the Yocto Project Eclipse Update Site

To install the Mars Eclipse Yocto Plug-in from the update site, follow these steps:

  1. Start up the Eclipse IDE.

  2. In Eclipse, select "Install New Software" from the "Help" menu.

  3. Click "Add..." in the "Work with:" area.

  4. Enter http://downloads.yoctoproject.org/releases/eclipse-plugin/2.2/mars in the URL field and provide a meaningful name in the "Name" field.

  5. Click "OK" to have the entry added to the "Work with:" drop-down list.

  6. Select the entry for the plug-in from the "Work with:" drop-down list.

  7. Check the boxes next to the following:

         Yocto Project SDK Plug-in
         Yocto Project Documentation plug-in
                                

  8. Complete the remaining software installation steps and then restart the Eclipse IDE to finish the installation of the plug-in.

    Note

    You can click "OK" when prompted about installing software that contains unsigned content.

D.1.3.2. Installing the Plug-in Using the Latest Source Code

To install the Mars Eclipse Yocto Plug-in from the latest source code, follow these steps:

  1. Be sure your development system has JDK 1.7+

  2. install X11-related packages:

         $ sudo apt-get install xauth
                                

  3. In a new terminal shell, create a Git repository with:

         $ cd ~
         $ git clone git://git.yoctoproject.org/eclipse-poky
                                

  4. Use Git to checkout the correct tag:

         $ cd ~/eclipse-poky
         $ git checkout mars/yocto-2.2
                                

    This puts you in a detached HEAD state, which is fine since you are only going to be building and not developing.

  5. Change to the scripts directory within the Git repository:

         $ cd scripts
                                

  6. Set up the local build environment by running the setup script:

         $ ./setup.sh
                                

    When the script finishes execution, it prompts you with instructions on how to run the build.sh script, which is also in the scripts directory of the Git repository created earlier.

  7. Run the build.sh script as directed. Be sure to provide the tag name, documentation branch, and a release name.

    Following is an example:

         $ ECLIPSE_HOME=/home/scottrif/eclipse-poky/scripts/eclipse ./build.sh -l mars/yocto-2.2 master yocto-2.2 2>&1 | tee build.log
                                

    The previous example command adds the tag you need for mars/yocto-2.2 to HEAD, then tells the build script to use the local (-l) Git checkout for the build. After running the script, the file org.yocto.sdk-release-date-archive.zip is in the current directory.

  8. If necessary, start the Eclipse IDE and be sure you are in the Workbench.

  9. Select "Install New Software" from the "Help" pull-down menu.

  10. Click "Add".

  11. Provide anything you want in the "Name" field.

  12. Click "Archive" and browse to the ZIP file you built earlier. This ZIP file should not be "unzipped", and must be the *archive.zip file created by running the build.sh script.

  13. Click the "OK" button.

  14. Check the boxes that appear in the installation window to install the following:

         Yocto Project SDK Plug-in
         Yocto Project Documentation plug-in
                                

  15. Finish the installation by clicking through the appropriate buttons. You can click "OK" when prompted about installing software that contains unsigned content.

  16. Restart the Eclipse IDE if necessary.

At this point you should be able to configure the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in as described in the "Configuring the Mars Eclipse Yocto Plug-in" section.

D.1.4. Configuring the Mars Eclipse Yocto Plug-in

Configuring the Mars Eclipse Yocto Plug-in involves setting the Cross Compiler options and the Target options. The configurations you choose become the default settings for all projects. You do have opportunities to change them later when you configure the project (see the following section).

To start, you need to do the following from within the Eclipse IDE:

  • Choose "Preferences" from the "Window" menu to display the Preferences Dialog.

  • Click "Yocto Project SDK" to display the configuration screen.

The following sub-sections describe how to configure the the plug-in.

Note

Throughout the descriptions, a start-to-finish example for preparing a QEMU image for use with Eclipse is referenced as the "wiki" and is linked to the example on the Cookbook guide to Making an Eclipse Debug Capable Image wiki page.

D.1.4.1. Configuring the Cross-Compiler Options

Cross Compiler options enable Eclipse to use your specific cross compiler toolchain. To configure these options, you must select the type of toolchain, point to the toolchain, specify the sysroot location, and select the target architecture.

  • Selecting the Toolchain Type: Choose between Standalone pre-built toolchain and Build system derived toolchain for Cross Compiler Options.

    • Standalone Pre-built Toolchain: Select this type when you are using a stand-alone cross-toolchain. For example, suppose you are an application developer and do not need to build a target image. Instead, you just want to use an architecture-specific toolchain on an existing kernel and target root filesystem. In other words, you have downloaded and installed a pre-built toolchain for an existing image.

    • Build System Derived Toolchain: Select this type if you built the toolchain as part of the Build Directory. When you select Build system derived toolchain, you are using the toolchain built and bundled inside the Build Directory. For example, suppose you created a suitable image using the steps in the wiki. In this situation, you would select the Build system derived toolchain.

  • Specify the Toolchain Root Location: If you are using a stand-alone pre-built toolchain, you should be pointing to where it is installed (e.g. /opt/poky/2.2). See the "Installing the SDK" section for information about how the SDK is installed.

    If you are using a build system derived toolchain, the path you provide for the Toolchain Root Location field is the Build Directory from which you run the bitbake command (e.g /home/scottrif/poky/build).

    For more information, see the "Building an SDK Installer" section.

  • Specify Sysroot Location: This location is where the root filesystem for the target hardware resides.

    This location depends on where you separately extracted and installed the target filesystem. As an example, suppose you prepared an image using the steps in the wiki. If so, the MY_QEMU_ROOTFS directory is found in the Build Directory and you would browse to and select that directory (e.g. /home/scottrif/build/MY_QEMU_ROOTFS).

    For more information on how to install the toolchain and on how to extract and install the sysroot filesystem, see the "Building an SDK Installer" section.

  • Select the Target Architecture: The target architecture is the type of hardware you are going to use or emulate. Use the pull-down Target Architecture menu to make your selection. The pull-down menu should have the supported architectures. If the architecture you need is not listed in the menu, you will need to build the image. See the "Building Images" section of the Yocto Project Quick Start for more information. You can also see the wiki.

D.1.4.2. Configuring the Target Options

You can choose to emulate hardware using the QEMU emulator, or you can choose to run your image on actual hardware.

  • QEMU: Select this option if you will be using the QEMU emulator. If you are using the emulator, you also need to locate the kernel and specify any custom options.

    If you selected the Build system derived toolchain, the target kernel you built will be located in the Build Directory in tmp/deploy/images/machine directory. As an example, suppose you performed the steps in the wiki. In this case, you specify your Build Directory path followed by the image (e.g. /home/scottrif/poky/build/tmp/deploy/images/qemux86/bzImage-qemux86.bin).

    If you selected the standalone pre-built toolchain, the pre-built image you downloaded is located in the directory you specified when you downloaded the image.

    Most custom options are for advanced QEMU users to further customize their QEMU instance. These options are specified between paired angled brackets. Some options must be specified outside the brackets. In particular, the options serial, nographic, and kvm must all be outside the brackets. Use the man qemu command to get help on all the options and their use. The following is an example:

        serial ‘<-m 256 -full-screen>’
                                

    Regardless of the mode, Sysroot is already defined as part of the Cross-Compiler Options configuration in the Sysroot Location: field.

  • External HW: Select this option if you will be using actual hardware.

Click the "Apply" and "OK" to save your plug-in configurations.

D.2. Creating the Project

You can create two types of projects: Autotools-based, or Makefile-based. This section describes how to create Autotools-based projects from within the Eclipse IDE. For information on creating Makefile-based projects in a terminal window, see the "Makefile-Based Projects" section.

Note

Do not use special characters in project names (e.g. spaces, underscores, etc.). Doing so can cause configuration to fail.

To create a project based on a Yocto template and then display the source code, follow these steps:

  1. Select "C Project" from the "File -> New" menu.

  2. Expand Yocto Project SDK Autotools Project.

  3. Select Hello World ANSI C Autotools Projects. This is an Autotools-based project based on a Yocto template.

  4. Put a name in the Project name: field. Do not use hyphens as part of the name (e.g. hello).

  5. Click "Next".

  6. Add appropriate information in the various fields.

  7. Click "Finish".

  8. If the "open perspective" prompt appears, click "Yes" so that you in the C/C++ perspective.

  9. The left-hand navigation pane shows your project. You can display your source by double clicking the project's source file.

D.3. Configuring the Cross-Toolchains

The earlier section, "Configuring the Mars Eclipse Yocto Plug-in", sets up the default project configurations. You can override these settings for a given project by following these steps:

  1. Select "Yocto Project Settings" from the "Project -> Properties" menu. This selection brings up the Yocto Project Settings Dialog and allows you to make changes specific to an individual project.

    By default, the Cross Compiler Options and Target Options for a project are inherited from settings you provided using the Preferences Dialog as described earlier in the "Configuring the Mars Eclipse Yocto Plug-in" section. The Yocto Project Settings Dialog allows you to override those default settings for a given project.

  2. Make or verify your configurations for the project and click "OK".

  3. Right-click in the navigation pane and select "Reconfigure Project" from the pop-up menu. This selection reconfigures the project by running autogen.sh in the workspace for your project. The script also runs libtoolize, aclocal, autoconf, autoheader, automake --a, and ./configure. Click on the "Console" tab beneath your source code to see the results of reconfiguring your project.

D.4. Building the Project

To build the project select "Build All" from the "Project" menu. The console should update and you can note the cross-compiler you are using.

Note

When building "Yocto Project SDK Autotools" projects, the Eclipse IDE might display error messages for Functions/Symbols/Types that cannot be "resolved", even when the related include file is listed at the project navigator and when the project is able to build. For these cases only, it is recommended to add a new linked folder to the appropriate sysroot. Use these steps to add the linked folder:
  1. Select the project.

  2. Select "Folder" from the File > New menu.

  3. In the "New Folder" Dialog, select "Link to alternate location (linked folder)".

  4. Click "Browse" to navigate to the include folder inside the same sysroot location selected in the Yocto Project configuration preferences.

  5. Click "OK".

  6. Click "Finish" to save the linked folder.

D.5. Starting QEMU in User-Space NFS Mode

To start the QEMU emulator from within Eclipse, follow these steps:

Note

See the "Using the Quick EMUlator (QEMU)" chapter in the Yocto Project Development Manual for more information on using QEMU.

  1. Expose and select "External Tools Configurations ..." from the "Run -> External Tools" menu.

  2. Locate and select your image in the navigation panel to the left (e.g. qemu_i586-poky-linux).

  3. Click "Run" to launch QEMU.

    Note

    The host on which you are running QEMU must have the rpcbind utility running to be able to make RPC calls on a server on that machine. If QEMU does not invoke and you receive error messages involving rpcbind, follow the suggestions to get the service running. As an example, on a new Ubuntu 16.04 LTS installation, you must do the following in order to get QEMU to launch:
         $ sudo apt-get install rpcbind
                            
    After installing rpcbind, you need to edit the /etc/init.d/rpcbind file to include the following line:
         OPTIONS="-i -w"
                            
    After modifying the file, you need to start the service:
         $ sudo service portmap restart
                            

  4. If needed, enter your host root password in the shell window at the prompt. This sets up a Tap 0 connection needed for running in user-space NFS mode.

  5. Wait for QEMU to launch.

  6. Once QEMU launches, you can begin operating within that environment. One useful task at this point would be to determine the IP Address for the user-space NFS by using the ifconfig command. The IP address of the QEMU machine appears in the xterm window. You can use this address to help you see which particular IP address the instance of QEMU is using.

D.6. Deploying and Debugging the Application

Once the QEMU emulator is running the image, you can deploy your application using the Eclipse IDE and then use the emulator to perform debugging. Follow these steps to deploy the application.

Note

Currently, Eclipse does not support SSH port forwarding. Consequently, if you need to run or debug a remote application using the host display, you must create a tunneling connection from outside Eclipse and keep that connection alive during your work. For example, in a new terminal, run the following:
     $ ssh -XY user_name@remote_host_ip
                
Using the above form, here is an example:
     $ ssh -XY root@192.168.7.2
                
After running the command, add the command to be executed in Eclipse's run configuration before the application as follows:
     export DISPLAY=:10.0
                
Be sure to not destroy the connection during your QEMU session (i.e. do not exit out of or close that shell).

  1. Select "Debug Configurations..." from the "Run" menu.

  2. In the left area, expand C/C++Remote Application.

  3. Locate your project and select it to bring up a new tabbed view in the Debug Configurations Dialog.

  4. Click on the "Debugger" tab to see the cross-tool debugger you are using. Be sure to change to the debugger perspective in Eclipse.

  5. Click on the "Main" tab.

  6. Create a new connection to the QEMU instance by clicking on "new".

  7. Select SSH, which means Secure Socket Shell. Optionally, you can select an TCF connection instead.

  8. Click "Next".

  9. Clear out the "Connection name" field and enter any name you want for the connection.

  10. Put the IP address for the connection in the "Host" field. For QEMU, the default is 192.168.7.2. However, if a previous QEMU session did not exit cleanly, the IP address increments (e.g. 192.168.7.3).

    Note

    You can find the IP address for the current QEMU session by looking in the xterm that opens when you launch QEMU.

  11. Enter root, which is the default for QEMU, for the "User" field. Be sure to leave the password field empty.

  12. Click "Finish" to close the New Connections Dialog.

  13. If necessary, use the drop-down menu now in the "Connection" field and pick the IP Address you entered.

  14. Assuming you are connecting as the root user, which is the default for QEMU x86-64 SDK images provided by the Yocto Project, in the "Remote Absolute File Path for C/C++ Application" field, browse to /home/root. You could also browse to any other path you have write access to on the target such as /usr/bin. This location is where your application will be located on the QEMU system. If you fail to browse to and specify an appropriate location, QEMU will not understand what to remotely launch. Eclipse is helpful in that it auto fills your application name for you assuming you browsed to a directory.

    Note

    If you are prompted to provide a username and to optionally set a password, be sure you provide "root" as the username and you leave the password field blank.

  15. Be sure you change to the "Debug" perspective in Eclipse.

  16. Click "Debug"

  17. Accept the debug perspective.

D.7. Using Linuxtools

As mentioned earlier in the manual, performance tools exist (Linuxtools) that enhance your development experience. These tools are aids in developing and debugging applications and images. You can run these tools from within the Eclipse IDE through the "Linuxtools" menu.

For information on how to configure and use these tools, see http://www.eclipse.org/linuxtools/.